Journal of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회지)

The Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회)
권호 표지

Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Canine Heartworm Infection in Korea

한국의 개 심장사상충 유병율에 대한 메타분석

  • Pak, Son-Il (School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Gangwon National University)
  • 박선일 (강원대학교 수의학부 (대학) 및 동물의학연구소)
  • Published : 2009.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to collect data from the literatures reporting prevalence of canine heartworm (HW) infection in an effort to emphasize the preventive importance of the disease and to serve as baseline data for further studies related to the disease management. Fourteen studies regarding the prevalence of HW infection published during the 1996-2007 were identified using the meta-analytic approach, involving a total of 1,790 cases by microfilarial test and 3,277 cases by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen test for adult worms. Data analysis was performed separately for pet and military dogs. The overall apparent prevalence of HW infection in pet dogs by microfilarial test and ELISA was 11.7% (183/1,563) and 16.5% (379/2,302), respectively (p < 0.001). No significant difference in prevalence by microfilaria and ELISA was observed between sexes whether assessed by data separately or pooled together. Compared to before 2000, the prevalence by microfilaria after 2000 has increased from 2.5% to 13.1% (p < 0.001), and the rate of adult worm has also increased from 9.9% to 20.3% (p < 0.001). The prevalence determined by ELISA was found to increase with age: 20.7% (n = 1,003) of dogs older than 2 years were positive, compared with 5.0% of dogs (n = 701) under 2 years of age (p < 0.001). Also, outdoor dogs showed significantly higher prevalence than indoor dogs (37.9% versus 3.4%; p < 0.001). For military dogs, the overall prevalence was 38.3% (87/227; 95% CI, 32.1 - 44.7%) by microfilarial test and 38.5% (375/975; 95% CI, 35.4 - 41.6%) by ELISA. This rate was significantly higher than that of pet dogs (p < 0.001). Occult infection rate of 37.5% and 66.7% was found in pet and military dogs, respectively.

본 연구에서는 개 심장사상충을 관리하기 위한 기초연구 자료를 확보하기 위하여 1996-2007년 동안 국내에서 발표된 논문 중 총 14편 (자충검사 1,790건, 성충에 대한 ELISA 항원검사 3,277건)의 자료에 근거하여 주요 위험 요인별 자충과 성충의 항원검사에 의한 유병율을 추정하였다. 자료분석을 위하여 일반견 (pet dog)과 군견 (military dog)을 별도로 분석하였다. 일반견에서 현성유병율은 자충검사 11.7% (183/1,563), 항원검사 16.5% (379/2,302)로 항원검사에서 유의하게 높았으나 (p < 0.001) 두 검사 모두 성별에 따른 유병율의 차이는 없었다. 2000년 이전과 비교할 때 2000년 이후 자충검사와 항원검사에 의한 유병율은 2.5%에서 13.1%, 9.9%에서 20.3%로 각각 증가하였다 (p < 0.001). 항원검사에 의한 유병율은 2세 이하 5.0% (n = 701), 2세 이상 20.7% (n = 1,003)로 연령이 증가함에 따라 유병율이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 (p < 0.001), 실외견 (37.9%)이 실내견 (3.4%)에 비하여 유병율이 유의하게 높았다. 한편 군견의 경우 유병율은 자충검사 38.3% (87/227), 항원검사 38.5% (375/975)로 일반견에 비하여 유의하게 높았으며 (p < 0.001), 잠복감염율은 일반견 37.5%, 군견 66.7%로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Araujo RT, Marcondes CB, Bastos LC, Sartor DC. Canine dirofilariasis in the region of Concei$\varsigma$$\tilde{a}$o Lagoon, Florian$\acute{o}$polis, and in the military police kennel, S$\tilde{a}$o Jos$\acute{e}$, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2003; 113: 239-242 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00077-3
  2. Bidgood A, Collins GH. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Sydney. Asut Vet J 1996; 73: 103-104 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb09987.x
  3. Byeon KH, Kim BJ, Kim SM, Yu HS, Jeong HJ, Ock MS. A serological survey of Dirofilaria immitis infection in pet dogs of Busan, Korea, and effects of chemoprophylaxis. Korean J Parasitol 2007; 45: 27-32 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.27
  4. Byun JW, Park YI, Lee OS, Shim HS, Cho KM, Yoon SS. Prevalence of canine dirofilariasis of the stray dogs in Korea. Kor J Vet Publ Hlth 2007; 31: 15-19
  5. Capelli G, Poglayen G, Bertotti F, Giupponi S, Martini M. The host-parasite relationship in canine heartworm infection in a hyperendemic area of Italy. Vet Res Commun 1996; 20: 320-330 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00366538
  6. Chung D, Kim H, Lee T, Kim N, Lee J, Shin S. Prevalence of canine heartworm infection among dogs in Gwangju and Chonnam area. Korean J Vet Serv 1997; 20: 47-54
  7. Duran-Struuck R, Jost C, Hernandez AH. Dirofilaria immitis prevalence in a canine population in the Samana Peninsula (Dominican Republic) - June 2001. Vet Parasitol 2005; 133: 323-327 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.06.008
  8. Fan CK, Su KE, Lin YH, Liao CW, Du WY, Chiou HY. Seroepidemiologic survey of Dirofilaria immitis infection among domestic dogs in Taipei City and mountain aboriginal districts in Taiwan (1998-1999). Vet Parasitol 2001; 102: 113-120 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00511-8
  9. Glickman LT, Grieve RB, Breitschwerdt EB, Mika-Grieve M, Patronek GJ, Domanski LM, Root CR, Malone JB. Serologic pattern of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection. Am J Vet Res 1984; 45: 1178-1183
  10. Jang SI, Song WJ, Ha SH, Lee SJ, Chung NK, Moon BC. Prevalence of heartworm disease in dogs of Daejeon area. Korean J Vet Serv 2004; 27: 133-137
  11. Kim YH, Huh S. Prevalence of Toxocara canis, Toxocaris leonina and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Chuncheon, Korea (2004). Korean J Parasitol 2005; 43: 65-67 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.2.65
  12. Koh BRD, Na HM, Jang MS, Kim JY, Park SD. Investigation of canine dirofilariasis and brucellosis in free roaming dogs from public animal shelters in Gwangju area. Korean J Vet Serv 2007; 30: 155-164
  13. Lee JC, Lee CY, Shin SS, Lee CG. A survey of canine heartworm infections among German shepherds in South Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1996; 34: 225-231 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1996.34.4.225
  14. Lee SM, Hwang HS, Kim JH. Studies on infection rate and histopathological findings of canine heartworms in Inchon city. Korean J Vet Serv 1999; 22: 25-35
  15. Lee KJ, Park GM, Yong TS, Im K, Jung SH, Jeong NY, Lee WY, Yong SJ, Shin KC. The first Korean case of human pulmonary dirofilariasis. Yonsei Med J 2000; 41: 285-288
  16. Lee JH, Sim SW, Kim H, Kim YJ, An SU, Han KS. Prevalence of canine heartworm infection among dogs on breeding farms in Chungnam province. Korean J Vet Serv 2003; 26: 19-26
  17. Lee SE, Song KH, Kim DH. Prevalence study on the canine filariasis in Korea. Korean J Vet Res 2003; 43: 517-520
  18. Lee JW, Eum SS, Park IG, Bea JJ, Joung DS. Prevalence of heartworms, scabies and demodicosis of pet dogs in Jeonju area. Korean J Vet Serv 2005; 28: 39-47
  19. Lim HS, Cho YJ, Suh DK, Song DJ, Lee CS, Bae YC. A survey on the infection rate of Dirofilaria immitis of dogs in Daegu area. Korean J Vet Serv 2003; 26: 129-134
  20. Montoya JA, Morales M, Ferrer O, Molina JM, Corbera JA. The prevalence of Dirofilaris immitis in Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain (1994-1996). Vet Parasitol 1998; 75: 221-226 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00175-1
  21. Nelson CT, McCall JW, Rubin SB, Buzhardt LF, Dorion DW, Graham W, Longhofer SL, Guerrero J, Robertson- Plouch C, Paul A. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2005; 133: 255-266 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.008
  22. Orihel TC, Eberhard ML. Zoonotic filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11: 366-381
  23. Reifur L, Thomaz-Soccol V, Montiani-Ferreira F. Epidemiological aspects of filariosis in dogs on the coast of Paran$\acute{a}$ state, Brazil: with emphasis on Dirofilaria immitis. Vet Parasitol 2004; 122: 273-286 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.05.017
  24. Rhee JK, Yang SS, Kim HC. Periodicity exhibited by Dirofilaria immitis identified in dogs of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1998; 36: 235-239 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.235
  25. Rosa A, Ribicich M, Betti A, Kistermann JC, Cardillo N, Basso N, Hallu R. Prevalence of canine dirofilariasis in the city of Buenos Aires and its outskirts (Argentina). Vet Parasitol 2002; 109: 261-264 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00286-8
  26. Ryo H, Tetsuya O, Motota S, Fumio O. The prevalence of dog heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis): infection in stray dogs in Okayama, Japan. Kawasaki Med J 1992; 18: 75-83
  27. Seo Y, Shin S, Kim J. Occurrence of canine heartworm disease on three breeding farms in the vicinity of Seoul, Korea. Korean J Vet Res 2001; 41: 79-83
  28. Seong JH, Yon HJ, Lee WC, Kim KH, Kang SW. Epidemiological survey on prevalence of canine heartworms in dogs of Seoul and districts of Pa-Ju, Seong-Nam and Po-Chon in Kyonggi province. Kor J Vet Publ Hlth 1996; 20: 155-162
  29. Song KH, Lee SE, Hayasaki M, Shiramizu K, Kim DH, Cho KW. Seroprevalence of canine dirofilariosis in South Korea. Vet Parasitol 2003; 114: 231-236 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00137-7
  30. Thesis JH, Stevens F, Law M. Distribution, prevalence, and relative risk of filariasis in dogs from the State of Washington (1997-1999). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2001; 37: 339-347
  31. Watts KJ, Courtney CH, Reddy GR. Development of a PCR-based test for the sensitive and specific detection of the dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, in its mosquito intermediate host. Mol Cell Probes 1999; 14: 425-430
  32. Wee SH, Lee CG, Kim JT. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs of Chuncheon area. Kor J Vet Publ Hlth 2001; 25: 229-232
  33. Yildirim A, Ica A, Atalay O, Duzlu O, Inci A. Prevalence and epidemiological aspects of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Kayseri Province, Turkey. Res Vet Sci 2006; 82: 358- 363