DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of 8 Weeks Resistance Training on Nitric Oxide (NO) Concentration and Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) in Young Men

건강한 젊은 성인에서 8주 규칙적인 저항성 트레이닝이 산화질소(NO) 농도와 평균동맥압(MAP)에 미치는 영향

  • Published : 2009.05.30

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise training on nitric oxide (NO) levels, mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) in college students. 5 subjects were randomly assigned to two experimental groups; an aerobic training group (ATG) and a resistance training group (RTG). In aerobic training, based on measured maximum oxygen consumption rate, 70% exercise intensity was applied and conducted for 60 min. In resistance training, 70% of 1-RM was performed for 90 min. Blood sampling was conducted 3 times during resting state, post-exercise, and after 30 minutes of recovery. The results are as followed. For the post training values of $VO_2max$, % body fat and MAP, there were significant differences in the ATG compared to pre training (p<0.05). However, there were no differences in the RTG between pre and post training. NO increased post training, during rest and at the end of exercise compared to pre training in the ATG (p<0.05). Also, the HR decreased in post training at the end of exercise (p<0.05), however, there were no significant differences in SBP and DBP between pre and post training in the ATG. The HR, SBP and DBP did not change at all in post training compared to pre training in the RTG. In conclusion, an increase in the production of Nitric Oxide (NO) concentration and $VO_2max$, decrease of body fat% and physiological variables (HR, BP, MAP) were shown to be more effective in aerobic training (AT) than resistance training (RT).

결과적으로 본 연구에서 서로 다른 두 집단(RTG, ATG)의 비교시 저항성 트레이닝 집단(RTG)보다 유산소 트레이닝 집단(ATG)에서 산화질소(NO) 농도가 더 높게 나타났으며, 이는 지속적인 유산소 형태의 트레이닝이 간헐적인 저항성 형태의 트레이닝 보다 더 많은 산화질소(NO)가 생성 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 심박수(HR)와 혈압(BP), 평균동맵압(MAP)의 감소에도 저항성 트레이닝(RT)보다는 유산소 트레이닝(AT)이 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 유산소 트레이닝(AT)에 비해 저항성 트레이닝(RT)에서 유의하진 않았지만 산화질소(NO) 농도가 증가된 것은 주목할 만한 결과이다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 단기간일 지라도 혈관이완 및 자율신경계 도움을 줄 수 있는 것은 유산소 트레이닝(AT) 임을 알 수 있었고 이는 일반적으로 운동을 선택할 시(근력과 근비대를 제외한 운동) 도움을 줄 수 있다고 사료된다. 또한 추후 연구에서는 12주 이상의 장기간의 트레이닝을 통해 저항성 트레이닝(RT)이 혈관이완의 직접적인 척도인 산화질소(NO) 농도에 관한 연구가 필요시 된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, E. S., S. H. Park, H. Lee. and S. Y. Jea. 2003. Effect on release of nitric oxide and the concentration of lactate by difference exercise type. Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition 7, 291-296
  2. Ashcroft, S. J. and F. M. Ashcroft. 1990. Properties and functions of ATP-sensitive K-channels. Cell Signal 2, 197-214 https://doi.org/10.1016/0898-6568(90)90048-F
  3. Bertovic, D. A., T. K, Waddell, C. D. Gatzka, J. D. Cameron, A. M. Dart and B. A. Kingwell. 1999. Muscular strength training is associated with low arterial compliance and high pulse pressure. Hypertension 33, 1385-1391 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.33.6.1385
  4. Boone, J. B. Jr and J. M. Corry. 1996. Proenkephalin gene expression in the brainstem regulates post-exercise hypotension. Brain research. Molecular brain research 42, 31-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(96)00105-2
  5. Casey, D. P., D. T. Beck. and R. W. Braith. 2007. Progressive resistance training without volume increases does not alter arterial stiffness and aortic wave reflection. Experimental biology and medicine 232, 1228-1235 https://doi.org/10.3181/0703-RM-65
  6. Chang, H. J., J. H. chung, B. J. Choi, T. Y. Choi, S. Y. Choi, M. H. Yoon, S. G. Hwang, J. H. Shin, S. J. Tahk. and B. I. William. 2003. Yonsei Medical Journal 44, 1014-1020 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2003.44.6.1014
  7. Cortez-Cooper, M. Y., A. E. Devan, M. M. Anton, R. P. Farrar, K. A. Beckwith, J. S. Todd. and H. Tanaka. 2005. Effect of high intensity resistance training on arteriak stiffness and wave reflection in women. American journal of hypertension 8, 930-934
  8. Duffy, S. J., G. New, B. T. Tran, R. W. Harper, and I. T. Meredith. 1999. Relative contribution of vasodilator prostanoids and NO to metabolic vasodilation in the human forearm. The American journal of physiology 276, H663-670
  9. Edwards, D. G. and J. T. Lang. 2005. Augmentation index and systolic load are lower in competitive endurance athletes. American journal of hypertension 18, 679-683 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.11.028
  10. Edwards, D. G., R. S. Schofield, P. M. Magyari, W. W. Nichols. and R. W. Braith, 2004. Effect of exercise training on central aortic pressure wave reflection in coronary artery disease. American journal of hypertension 17, 540-543 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2003.12.001
  11. Endo, T., T. Imaizumi, T. Tagawa, M. Shiramoto, S, Ando. and A. Takeshita. 1994. Role of nitric oxide in exercise-induced vasodilation of the forearm. Circulation 90, 2886-2890 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.6.2886
  12. Franke, W. D., G. M. Stephens. and P. G. Schmid. 1998. Effects of intense exercise training on endothelium-dependent exercise induced vasodilatation. Clinical physiology 18, 521-528 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2281.1998.00122.x
  13. Gilligan, D. M., J. A. Panza, C. M. Kilcoyne, M. A. Waclawiw, P. R. Casino. and A. A. Quyyumi. 1994. Contribution of endothelium-derived nitric oxide to exercise-induced vasodilatation. Circulation 90, 2853-2858 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.6.2853
  14. Green, D. J., W, Bilsborough, L. H. Naylor, C. Reed, J. Wright, G. O'Driscoll, and J. H. Walsh. 2005. Comparison of forearm blood flow responses to incremental handgrip and cycle ergometer exercise: relative contribution of nitric oxide. The Journal of physiology 15, 617-628
  15. Green, D., C. Cheetham, L. Mavaddat, K. Watts. M. Best, R. Taylor, and G. O'Driscoll. 2002a. Effect of lower limb exercise on forearm vascular function: contribution of nitric oxide. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 283, 899-907
  16. Green, D. J., A. Maiorana, G. O'Driscoll, and R. Taylor. 2004. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. The Journal of physiology 15, 1-25
  17. Green, D. J., D. T. Fowler, J. G. O'Driscoll, B. A. Blanksby, and R. R. Taylor. 1996. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide activity in forearm vessels of tennis players. Journal of applied physiology 81, 943-948
  18. Kawano, H., H. Tanaka, and M. Miyachi. 2006. Resistance training and arterial compliance: keeping the benefits while minimizing the stiffening. Journal of hypertension 24, 1753-1759 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000242399.60838.14
  19. Kawano, H., M. Tanimoto, K. Yamamoto, K. Sanada, Y. Gando. I. Tabata, M. Higuchi, and M. Miyachi. 2008. Resistance training in men is associated with increased arterial stiffness and blood pressure but does not adversely affect endothelial function as measured by arterial reactivity to the cold pressor test. Experimental physiology 93, 296-302 https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2007.039867
  20. Leicht, A. S., G. D. Allen, and A. J. Hoey. 2003. Influence of intensive cycling training on heart rate variability during rest and exercise. Canadian journal of applied physiology 28, 898-909 https://doi.org/10.1139/h03-064
  21. Maeda, S., T. Miyauchi, T. Kakiyama, J. Sugawara, M. Temitsu, Y. I. Tomobe, H. Murakami, T. Kumagai, S. Kino, and M. Matsuda. 2001. Effect of exercise training of 8 weeks and detraining on plasma level of endothelium-derived factor, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, in healthy young humans. Life Science 69, 1005-1016 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01192-4
  22. Maiorana, A., G. O'Driscoll, L. Dembo, C. Cheetham. C. Goodman. R. Taylor, and D. Green. 2000. Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in heart failure. The American journal of physiology 279, 1999-2005
  23. Maiorana, A., G. O'Driscoll, C. Cheetham, L. Dembo, K. Stanton, C. Goodman, R. Taylor, and D. Green. 2001. The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 38, 860-866 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01439-5
  24. Mazzeo, R. S. and P. Marshall. 1989. Influence of plasma catecholamines on the lactate threshold during graded exercise. Journal of applied physiology 67, 1319-1322
  25. McCartney, N., R. S. McKelvie, J. Martin, D. G. Sale, and J. D. MacDougall. 1993. Weight-training-induced attenuation of the circulatory response of older males to weight lifting. Journal of applied physiology 74, 1056-1060 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322010000300006
  26. Miyachi, M., A. J. Donato, K. Yamamoto, K. Takahashi, P. E. Gates, K. L. Moreau, and H. Tanaka. 2003. Greater age-related reductions in central arterial compliance in resistance-trained men. Hypertension 41, 130-135 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000047649.62181.88
  27. Miyachi, M., H. Kawano, J. Sugawara, K. Takahashi, K. Hayashi, K. Yamazaki, I. Tabata, and H. Tanaka. 2004. Unfavorable effects of resistance training on central arterial compliance: a randomized intervention study. Circulation 110, 2858-2863 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000146380.08401.99
  28. Pescatello, L. S., B. A. Franklin. R. Fagard, W. B. Farquhar, G. A. Kelley, and C. A. Ray. 2004. American College of Sport Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 36, 533-553 https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000115224.88514.3A
  29. Pollock, M. L., B. A. Franklin, G. J. Balady, B. L. Chaitman, J. L. Fleg, B. Fletcher, M. Limacher, I. L. Pina, R. A. Stein, M. Williams, and T. Bazzarre. 2000. AHA Science Advisory. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: benefits, rationale, safety, and prescription: An advisory from the Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention, Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association; Position paper endorsed by the American College of Sports Medicine. Circulation 101, 828-833Āꀏ會Āꀏ㡨—⨀颴䢜Ā會Ā遨—⨀₵䢜Ā會Ā—⨀ꢵ䢜Ā會Ā䁩—⨀聟熦Ā會Ā顩—⨀ࡠ熦਀Ā㈀會Ā㈀—⨀遠熦Ā會Ā䡪—⨀ₔ皫밁瀀ꀏ會Āꁪ—⨀?잶Ā怀Ā會ĀĀ—⨀ऀ뀲척Ā會Ā偫—⨀⠲척Ā會Āꡫ—⨀㠳척Ā搀會Ā搀l—⨀႓皫Ā https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.7.828
  30. Radim, J., T. S. Church, G. M. Morss, A. N. Jordan, and C. P. Earnest. 2004. Eight weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training increases heart rate variability in sedentary postmenopausal women. American heart journal 147, e21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.006
  31. Rakobowchuk, M., C. L. McGowan, de Groot PC,, D. B. ruinsma, J. W. Hartman, S. M. Phillips, and M. J. MacDonald. 2005. Effect of whole body resistance training on arterial compliance in young men. Experimental physiology 90, 645-651 https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2004.029504
  32. Shim, J. M., J. K. Kim. M. I. Kwon, and D. S. Kim. 1992. Comparison of arterial blood pressure measured with an aid of non-invasive and invasive methods. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 25, 46-52
  33. Tanaka, H., F. A. Dinenno, K. D. Monahan, C. M. Clevenger, C. A. DeSouza, and D. R. Seals. 2000. Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance. Circulation 102, 1270-1275 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.11.1270
  34. Tsutsumi, T., B. M. Don, L. D. Zaichkowsky, and L. L. Delizonna. 1997. Physical fitness and psychological benefits of strength training in community dwelling older adults. Applied human science 16, 257-266 https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.16.257
  35. Vincent, K. R., H. K. Vincent, R. W. Braith, V. Bhatnagar, and D. T. Lowenthal. 2003. Strength training and hemodynamic responses to exercise. The American journal of geriatric cardiology 12, 97-106 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1076-7460.2003.01588.x
  36. Walsh, J. H., M. Best, A. J. Maiorana, R. R. Taylor, G. J. O'Driscoll, and D. J. Green. 2003a. Exercise improves conduit vessel endothelial function in CAD patients. Journal of applied physiology 285, 20-25
  37. Walsh, J. H., G, Yong, C. Cheetham, G. F. Watts, G. J. O'Driscoll, R. R. Taylor, and D. J. Green. 2003b. Effect of exercise training on conduit and resistance vessel function in medicated and unmedicated hypercholesterolemic patients. European heart journal 24, 1681-1689 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-668X(03)00384-1
  38. Watts, K. P., Beye, A. Siafarikas, E. Davis, T. Jones, G. O'Driscoll, and D. J. Green. 2004. Exercise training normalises vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43, 1823-1827 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.01.032
  39. Wiley, R. L., C. L. Dunn, R. H. Cox, N. A. Hueppchen, and M. S. Scott. 1992. lsometric exercise training lowers resting blood pressure. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 24, 749-754
  40. Wilson, J. R. and S. Kapoor. 1993. Contribution of endothelium-deriving relaxing factor to exercise-induced vasodilation in humans. Journal of applied physiology 75, 2740-2744
  41. Wood, R. H., R. Reyes, M. A. Welsch, J. Favaloro-Sabatier, M. Sabatier, and C. M. Lee. 2001. Concurrent cardiovascular and resistance training in healthy older adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 33, 1751-1758 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200110000-00021
  42. Yamamoto, Y., R. L. Hughson, and J. C. Peterson. 1991. Autonomic control of heart rate during exercise studied by heart variability spectral analysis. Journal of applied physiology 71, 1136-1142
  43. Yen, M. H., J. H. Yang, J. R. Sheu, Y. M. Lee, and Y. A. Ding. 1995. Chronic exercise enhances endothelium-mediated dilation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life sciences 57, 2205-2213 https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)02127-5