프레게의 칸토르 비판 - 수학적 실천과 수학의 적용

Frege's Critiques of Cantor - Mathematical Practices and Applications of Mathematics

  • 박준용 (한국과학기술원 문화과학대학)
  • 발행 : 2009.08.31

초록

프레게의 논리주의는 흔히 19 세기 후반의 산수화 운동을 잇는 수론 내의 발전사례로 간주된다. 그러나 실수 해석학 내의 그의 실제 작업을 고려해 볼 때 이런 견해를 받아들이기란 쉽지 않다. 그래서 그의 논리주의는 당대의 수학적 실천과는 유리된 철학적 프로그램에 불과했다고 간혹 주장되곤 했다. 이 논문에서 나는 이두 견해가 근거 없는 편견에 의존하고 있고, 그런 편견은 당대의 수학적 실천의 맥락 내에서 프레게 논리주의가 갖는 이론적 지위를 오해한 데서 비롯한 것임을 보일것이다. 첫째로 나는 칸토르의 실수 정의와 이에 대한 프레게의 비판을 검토할 것이다. 이에 근거해서 나는 프레게의 목표는 양의 비율을 순수 논리적으로 정의하는 것이었음을 보일 것이다. 둘째로 나는 프레게 논리주의의 수학적 배경을 고찰할 것이다. 이를 기초로 나는 실수 해석학에 대한 그의 견해는 예상외로 정교하다는 것을 보일 것이다. 프레게는 바이어슈트라스나 칸토르와는 달리 보편적 적용 가능성을 갖는 실수 해석학에 도달하려 하는 반면, 전통적 견해를 고수하는 대부분의 수학자들과 달리 실수 해석학을 확립할 때 기하학적 고찰에 결코 의지하지 않으려 한다. 셋째로 나는 프레게가 이 두 측면 - 기하학으로부터 독립성 및 보편적 적용가능성 - 을 논리학 자체의 특징으로 간주하였고, 논리주의에 따라 그것을 산수학 자체의 특징으로 간주하였다고 주장한다. 그리고 나는 실수가 양의 비율이라는 그의 견해는 수들의 본성이 다양한 맥락에서 수들이 하는 공통된 역할 내에서 이해되어야 한다는 그의 방법론적 원칙으로부터 유래하였다는 것, 그리고 그는 그런 식의 정의 없이는 수의 보편적 적용 가능성도 적합하게 설명될 수 없다고 생각했다는 것을 보일 것이다.

Frege's logicism has been frequently regarded as a development in number theory which succeeded to the so called arithmetization of analysis in the late 19th century. But it is not easy for us to accept this opinion if we carefully examine his actual works on real analysis. So it has been often argued that his logicism was just a philosophical program which had not contact with any contemporary mathematical practices. In this paper I will show that these two opinions are all ill-founded ones which are due to the misunderstanding of the theoretical place of Frege's logicism in the context of contemporary mathematical practices. Firstly, I will carefully examine Cantorian definition of real numbers and Frege's critiques of it. On the basis of this, I will show that Frege's aim was to produce the purely logical definition of ratios of quantities. Secondly, I will consider the mathematical background of Frege's logicism. On the basis of this, I will show that his standpoint in real analysis was much subtler than what we used to expect. On the one hand, unlike Weierstrass and Cantor, Frege wanted to get such real analysis that could be universally applicable. On the other hand, unlike most mathematicians who insisted on the traditional conceptions, he would not depend upon any geometrical considerations in establishing real analysis. Thirdly, I will argue that Frege regarded these two aspects - the independence from geometry and the universal applicability - as those which characterized logic itself and, by logicism, arithmetic itself. And I will show that his conception of real numbers as ratios of quantities stemmed from his methodological maxim according to which the nature of numbers should be explained by the common roles they played in various contexts to which they applied, and that he thought that the universal applicability of numbers could not be adequately explicated without such an explanation.

키워드

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