Management of Vascular Injuries to the Extremities after Trauma

외상 후 사지 혈관손상의 치료

  • Kim, Han Yong (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Masan Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Jae Hong (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Masan Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Myoung Young (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Masan Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Hwang, Sang Won (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Masan Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine)
  • 김한용 (성균관대학교 의과대학 마산삼성병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 박재홍 (성균관대학교 의과대학 마산삼성병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 김명영 (성균관대학교 의과대학 마산삼성병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 황상원 (성균관대학교 의과대학 마산삼성병원 흉부외과)
  • Received : 2008.08.19
  • Accepted : 2008.08.29
  • Published : 2009.02.05

Abstract

Background: Vascular injuries to the extremities are potentially devastating and they can lead to limb loss and mortality if they are not appropriately managed. The vascular trauma caused by traffic and industrial accidents has recently increased according to the developing industry and transport system in Korea. Early recognition and treatment of these injuries are mandatory to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Material and Method: We retrospective reviewed 43 patients with vascular injuries that were due to blunt and penetrating trauma and they underwent emergency operations from January of 1998 to December of 2006. Result: There were 38 men and 5 women patients with a mean age of $42.0{\pm}16.8$ years (range: 17~77). The cause of vascular injuries were 28 traffic accidents (65%), 6 industrial accidents (14%), 6 glass injuries (14%) and 3 knife injuries (7%). The average time from admission to the operating room was $319.0{\pm}482.2$ minutes (range: 27~2,400 minutes). The average time from admission to discharge was $53.1{\pm}56.0$ days (range: 2~265 days). The anatomic injuries included the femoral artery in 16 cases (37%), the popliteal artery in 8 cases (19%), the brachial artery in 8 cases (19%), and the subclavian and axillary arteries in 7 cases (16%). The associated injuries were 23 bone fractures (53%), 18 muscle injuries (42%) 5 nerve injuries (12%) and 11 vein injuries (26%). The operation methods were 20 end to end anastomoses (46%), 16 interposition grafts (36%), 2 repairs with using patches (5%) and 5 others (12%). The number of amputations and cases of mortality were 3 cases (7%) and 4 cases (9%), respectively. Conclusion: Minimizing ischemia is an important factor for maximizing salvage of extremities. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can reduce the amputation and mortality rates.

배경: 사지의 혈관손상은 적절한 치료를 하지 않을 경우 사지 손실과 사망에 이르게 하는 치명적인 결과를 가져올 수 있다. 근래에 와서 산업과 교통수단이 발달함에 따라 산업재해와 교통사고에 의한 혈관손상이 증가 하고 있다. 혈관손상은 빠른 진단과 치료가 좋은 경과를 가져온다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지 둔상과 관통상으로 응급 수술한 43예의 환자를 대상으로 후향적으로 조사 하였다. 결과: 남자 38예, 여자 5예였으며, 평균 나이는 $42.0{\pm}16.8$세(17~77)였다. 혈관손상의 원인으로 교통사고 28예(65%), 산업재해 6예(14%), 유리에 의한 손상 6예(14%), 그리고 칼에 의한 자상 3예(7%)였다. 입원에서 수술시간까지 평균시간은 $319.0{\pm}482.2$분(27~2,400)이었고, 평균 입원기간은 $53.1{\pm}56.0$일(2~265)이었다. 손상부위는 대퇴동맥 16예(37%), 슬와동맥 8예(19%), 상완동맥 8예(19%), 그리고 쇄골하동맥과 액와동맥 7예(16%)였다. 동반손상으로 골절 23예(53%), 근육손상 18예(42%), 신경손상 5예(12%) 그리고 정맥손상 11예(26%)였다. 수술방법으로 20예(46%)에서 단단문합, 16예(36%)에서 조직이식술, 2예(5%)는 패취 혈관성형술, 5예(12%)에서는 결찰술과 혈전제거술을 시행하였다. 절단율과 사망률은 3예(7%), 4예(9%)였다. 결론: 사지 생존을 높이기 위해서는 허혈 시간을 최소하게 하는 것이 중요한 요소이다. 그러므로 빠른 진단과 치료가 절단율과 사망률을 감소 시킬 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Fallek SR, Pappas PJ, Hobson RW. Extremities: Arteries. The textbook of Penetrating Trauma. Media, PA, Williams & Wilkins 1996;756-64
  2. Rich NM. Surgeon's response to battlefield vascular trauma, Am J Surg 1993;166:91-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(05)81036-0
  3. Carillo EH, Spain DA, Miller FB, et al. Femoral vessel injuries. Surg Clin North Am 2000;82:49-65
  4. Fryberg ER. Popliteal vascular injuries. Surg Clin North Am 2002;82:67-89 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00141-5
  5. Fields CE, Latifi R, Ivatury RR. Brachial and forearm vessel injuries. Surg Clin North Am 2002;82:105-14 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(03)00143-9
  6. Pappas PJ, Haser PB, Techan EP, et al. Outcome of complex venous reconstruction in parients with trauma. J Vasc Surg 1997;25:398-404 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(97)70362-8
  7. Abouczzi Z, Nassoura Z, Ivatury RR, et al. A critical reappraisal of indications for fasciotomy after extremity vascular trauma. Arch Surg 1998;133:547-51 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.133.5.547
  8. Gill SS, Eggleston FC, Singh CM, et al. Arterial injuriesof the extremities. J Trauma 1976;16:766-72 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-197610000-00002
  9. Shah DM, Leather RP, Corson JD, et al. Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in the rapid reconstruction of acute contaminated peripheral vascular injuries. Am J Surg 1984;148:229-34 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(84)90227-7
  10. Peck JJ, Eastman B, Bergan JJ, et al. Popliteal vascular trauma: A community experience. Arch Surg 1990;125:1339-44 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1990.01410220123017
  11. Shah DM, Naraynsingh V, Leather RP, et al. Advances in the management of acute popliteal vascular blunt injuries. J Trauma 1985;25;793-7 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198508000-00010
  12. Meyer J, Walsh J, Schuler J, et al. The early fate of venous repair following civilian vascular trauma: a clinical, hemodynamic and venographic assessment. Ann Surg 1986;206: 458-64 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-198710000-00006
  13. Snyner WH. Vascular injuries near the knee; An updated series and overview of the problem. Surgery 1982;91:502-6
  14. Wolma FJ, Larrieu AJ, Alsop GC. Arterial injuries of the legs associated with fractures and dislocations. Am J Surg 1980;140:806-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(80)90122-1
  15. Jaggers RC, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL, et al. Inury to popliteal vessels. Arch Surg 1982;117:657-61 https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380290103018
  16. Hunt CA, Kingsley JR. Vascular injuries of the upper extremity. South Med J 2000;93:466-8 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-200093050-00004
  17. Vitale GC, Richardson DJ, George SM, et al. Fasciotomy for severe, blunt and penetrating trauma of the extremity. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988;166:397-401
  18. Winkelaar GB, Tayler DC. Vascular trauma associated with fractures and dislocations. Semin Vasc Surg 1998;11:273-7
  19. Shaw AD, Milne AA, Christic J, Jenkins AM, Murie JA, Ruckley CV. Vascular trauma of the upper limb and associated nerve injuries. Injury 1995;26:515-8
  20. Creagh TA, Broe PJ, Grace PA, Bouchier-Hayes DJ. Blunt trauma induced upper extremity vascular injuries. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1991;36:158-60