References
- Asplin, I., G. Galasko and J. Larner. 1993. Chiro-inositol deficiency and insulin resistance: A comparison of the chiroinositol and myo-inositon containing insulin mediators isolated from urine, hemo- dialysate, and muscle of control and type II diabetic subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5924-5928 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.13.5924
- Bates, S. H., R. B. Jones and C. J. Bailey. 2000. Insulin-like effect of pinitol. Br. J. Pharmacol. 130, 1944-1948 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0703523
- Buford, T. W., R. B. Kreider, J. R. Stout, M. Greenwood, B. Campbell, M. Spano, T. Ziegenfuss, H. Lopez, J. Landis and J. Antonio. 2007. Creatine supplementation and exercise. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 4, 6 https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-4-6
- Chun, S. H. 2004. Devlopment and therapeutic perspective of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biochem. Mol. Biol. News 9, 204-219
- Davis, A., M. Christiansen, J. F. Horowitz, S. Klein, M. K. Hellerstein, R. E. Ostlund Jr. 2000. Effect of pinitol treatment on insulin action in subjects with insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 23, 1000-1005 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.23.7.1000
- Farese, R. V., M. L. Standaert, K. Yamada, L. C. Huang, C. Zhang, D. R. Cooper, Z. Wang, Y. Yang, S. Suzuki, T. Toyota and J. Larner. 1994. Insulin-induced activation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyl- transferase by a chiro-inositol containing insulin mediator is defective in adipocytes of insulin-resistant, type II diabetic, Goto-Kakizaki rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11040-11044 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.23.11040
- Fonteles, M. C., M. Q. Almeida and J. Larner. 2000. Antihyperglycemic effects of 3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol and D-chiro-inositol associated with managanese in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 32, 129-132 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-978606
- Fontales, M. C., L. C. Huang and J. Larner. 1996. Infusion of pH 2.0 D-chiro-inositol glycan insulin putative mediator normalizes plasma glucose in streptozotocin diabetic rats at a dose equivalent to insulin without inducing hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 39, 731-734 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00418546
- Gu, F., D. T. Nguyen, M. Stuible, N. Dube, M. L. Tremblay and E. Chevet. 2004. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B potentiates IRE1 signaling during endoplasmic reticulum stress. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 49689-49693 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C400261200
- Huang, L. C., M. C. M. C. Fonteles, D. B. Houston, C. Zhang and J. Larner. 1993. Chiroinositol deficiency and insulin resistance. III. Acute glycogenic and hypoglycemic effects of two inositol phosphoglycan insulin mediators in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats in vivo. Endocrinology 132, 652-657 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.132.2.652
- Iuorno, M. J., D. J. Jakubowicz, J.-P. Patrice, P. Dillone, R. D. Gunn, G.. Allan and J. E. Nestler. 2002. Effects of D-chiro-inositol in lean women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine Practice 8, 417-423 https://doi.org/10.4158/EP.8.6.417
- Jarret, L., E. H. A. Wong and J. A. Smith. 1985. Insulin mediator from rat skeletal muscle have differential effect on insulin-sensitive pathway of infact adipocytes. Science 227, 533-535 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3917578
- Kang, M. J., J. I. Kim, S. Y. Yoon, J. C. Kim and I. J. Cha. 2006. Pinitol from reduces postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J. Med. Food 9, 182-186 https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.182
- Kennington, A. S., C. R. Hill, J. Craig, C. Bogardus, I. Raz, H. K. Ortmeyer, B. C. Hansen, G. Romero and J. Larner. 1990. Low urinary chiro-inositol excretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New Eng. J. Med. 323, 373-378 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199008093230603
- Kim, J. I., J. C. Kim, M. J. Kang, M. S. Lee, J. J. Kim and I. J. Cha. 2005. Effect of pinitol isolated from soybeans on glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean patients with type II diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 456-458 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602081
- Kim, M. J., K. H. Yoo, H. S. Park, S. M. Jeong, C. J. Jin, Y. S. Choi and C. H. Jeong. 2005. Effect of pinitol on glucose metabolism and adipocytokines in uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes 29, 344-351
- Kipfer-Coudreau, S. D., Eberlé, M. Sahbatou, A. Bonhomme, B. Guy-Grand, P. Froguel, P. Galan, A. Basdevant and K. Clément. 2004. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B gene are associated with obesity in morbidly obese French subjects. Diabetologia 47, 1278-1284
- Larner, J., L. C. Huang, C. F. Schwartz, A. S. Oswald, T. Y. Shen, M. Kinter, G. Tang and K. Zeller. 1988. Rat liver insulin mediator which stimulates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase contains galac- tosamine and D-chiroinositol. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151, 1416-1426 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80520-5
- Lee, D. T. and W. Y. Lee. 2005. Effect of pinitol supplementation and strength training on anaerobic performance and status of energy substrates in healthy young men. Nutr. Sci. 8, 189-195
- Narayanan, C. R., D. D. Joshi, A. M. Mujumdar and V. V. Dhekne. 1987. Pinitol– a new anti-diabetic compound from the leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis. Curr. Sci. 56, 139-141
- Ortmeyer, H. K., N. L. Bodkin, K. Lilley and J. Larner. 1993. Chiroinositol deficiency and insulin resistance. I. Urinary excretion rate of chiroinositol is directly associated insulin resistance in spontaneously diabetic rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 132, 640-645 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.132.2.640
- Ortmeyer, H. K., L. C. Huang, H. L. Zhang, B. C. Hansen and J. Larner. 1993. Chiroinositol deficiency and insulin resistance. II. Acute effect of chiroinositol administration in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, normal rats given a glucose load, and spontaneously insulin-resistance in spontaneously diabetic rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 132, 646-651 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.132.2.646
- Ortmeyer, H. K., J. Larner and B. C. Hansen. 1995. Effects of D-chiroinositol added to a meal on plasma glucose and insulin in hyperinsulinemic rhesus monkeys. Obesity Res. 3, S605-S608 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00232.x
- Park, J. Y., K. J. Kim, J. H. Lee, K. P. Lee and M. K. Kim. 2005. Effect of feeding chitosan, Hibiscus extract and L-carnitine mixture on body weight and lipid metabolism in rats. Kor. J. Food Culture 20, 194-204
- Pak, Y., Y. Hong, S. Kim, T. Piccariello, R. V. Farese and J. Larner. 1998. In vivo chiro- inositol metabolism in rat: A defect in chiro-inositol synthesis from myo-inositol and an increased incorporation of chiro- [3H]inositol into phospholipids in the Goto-Kakizaki (G. K.) rat. Mol. Cells 8, 301-309
-
Pak, Y., L. C. Huang, K. J. Lilley and J. Larner. 1992. In vivo conversion of [
$^{3}H$ ]myo- inositol to [$^{3}H$ ]chiro-inositol in rat tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16904-16910 - Sethi, G., K. S. Ahn, B. Sung and B. B Aggarwal. 2008. Pinitol targets nuclear factor-kB activation pathway leading to inhibition of gene products associated with proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis. Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 1604-1614 https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-2424
- Sia, C. 2004. Spotlight on ethnomedicine: Usability of Sutherlandia flutescens in the treatment of diabetes. Rev. Diabetic Stud. 1, 145-149 https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2004.1.145
- Sohn, J. E., H. J. Koo and D. T. Lee. 2005. The effect of pinitol supplementation and resistance exercise on blood glucose level, physical characteristics, and physical fitness in elderly. Kor. J. Sports Nutr. 9, 189-194
- Suzuki, S., Y. Taneda, S. Hirasi, S. Abe, A. Sasaki, K. Suzuki and T. Toyata. 1991. pp. 197-203, Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance in spontaneous diabetic GK (Goto-Kakizaki) rats. New Directions in Research and Clinical Works for Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, Elsevier Science Publishers
- Suzuki, S. and T. Toyota. 1994. Urinary chiro-inositol excretion is an index marker of insulin sensitivity in Japanese type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 17, 1465-1468 https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.17.12.1465
- Viollet, B., R. Mounier, J. Leclerc, A. Yazigi, M. Foretz and F. Andreelli. 2007. Targeting AMP-activated protein kinase as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Diabetes Metab. 33, 395-402 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2007.10.004
- Zhan, T. and L. Hongxiang. 2007. Synthesis of azole nucleoside analogues of D-pinitol as potential antitumor agents. Carbohydrate Res. 342, 865-869 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2007.01.004