Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters (한국미생물·생명공학회지)

The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology (한국미생물·생명공학회)
권호 표지

Problems and Verification System of Probiotics as Livestock-environment Improving Agent Produced and Circulated

축산 환경개선제로 생산.유통되는 생균제의 문제점 및 검증방안

  • Lee, Eun-Young (Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Suwon)
  • Published : 2008.06.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Probiotics are live organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on hosts. The administration of direct-fed microbials (DFM) such as lactobacilli and bacillus, may be a more direct approach to beneficially alter gastrointestinal microflora than altering dietary ingredients or supplementing with growth-promoting levels of antibiotics. It is apparent that microbes have an important influence on immune development and resistance to infection; that microbes are not static colonizers of our bodies, but are dynamic, symbiotic coresidents. And it can improve the surrounding environments; decrease the malodor caused by degrade the excrement. Recently, new paradigm such as environment protection and safe food have been settled. In domestic farm house, there is a great demand for probiotics as a substitute of antibiotics for the improvement of environmental quality and the production of a competitive goods. Probiotics circulated in a country have three categories: an animal medicine permitted by national veterinary research quarantine service (NVRQS), a support feed registered in city or country house, and not-registered goods. However, lots of unqualified goods were produced and circulated. And thus, it is in urgent need of evaluating the present situation and effect of probiotics. This study was conducted to evaluate the system of a probiotics as a livestock-environment improving agents for the alternation of antibiotics and quality control of it.

생균제는 충분하고도 적절하게 사용되었을 때 숙주의 건강에 도움이 될 수 있는 살아있는 미생물이다. Lactobacilli나 Bacillus와 같은 직접투여하는 미생물 (DFM)은 생장을 촉진하기 위하여 사료에 첨가되는 항생제 혹은 식품첨가물보다 장내의 정상균총의 정착에 매우 긍정적인 효과를 보여줄 수 있다. 또한, 생균제가 투여됨으로 해서 면역체계가 강화되고, 감염에 대한 예방효과가 있는데 이는 동물 체내에 병원균이 정착하는 것을 방해함으로서 이러한 효과를 기대할 수 있다. 생균제 투여를 통해 얻을 수 있는 효과는 배설물의 분해를 촉진하여 악취를 저감시켜줌으로서 가축의 사육환경을 개선할 수 있다는 점이다. 최근 들어, 환경보호와 안전한 먹거리에 대한 새로운 패러다임이 정착됨에 따라, 환경을 개선하고 우수한 품질의 축산품을 생산하기 위해 가축농가에서는 기존의 항생제를 대체할 수 있는 대안으로서의 생균제에 대한 요구가 높아지고 거의 모든 농가에서 생균제를 사용하고 있다고 해도 무리가 없다. 국내에서 유통되는 생균제는 크게 세부류이다. 첫째는 국립수의과학독성원(NVRQS)에 의해 검증되고 약사법에 의해 관리를 받는 동물의약품으로서의 생균제, 둘째는 시군에서 등록이되는 보조사료로서의 생균제와 마지막으로 미등록된 환경개선제들이다. 그러나, 많은 검증받지 않은 제품이 유통되고 생산됨으로 인해 이를 검증할 방안마련이 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 환경개선제로서의 생균제를 검증하기 위한 방안으로, 생균수의 검증, 항생제 내성 검증, 그리고 악취제거능에 대한 검증의 3단계 방법을 제안한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Adams, M. R. and L. Nicholaides. 1997. Reviews of the sensitivity of different foodborne pathogens to fermentation. Food Control. 8: 227-239 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(97)00016-9
  2. Axelsson, L. T., T. C. Chung, W. J. Dobrogosz and S. E. Lindgren. 1989. Production of a broad spectrum antimicrobial substance by Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbiol. Ecol. Health Dis. 2: 131-136 https://doi.org/10.3109/08910608909140210
  3. Axelsson, L. T. 1990. Lactobacillus reuteri, a member of the gut bacterial flora. Studies on antagonism, metabolism and genetics. Dissertation report 44. Uppsala, Sweden, University of Agriculture
  4. Berg, R. D. 1998. Probiotics, prebiotics or conbiotics. Trends in Microbiol. 6: 89-92 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(98)01224-4
  5. Bernet, M. F., D. Brassart, J.-R. Neeser and A. L. Servin. 1993. Adhesion of human Bifidobacterial strains to cultured human intestinal epitherial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen- cell interactions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 4121-4128
  6. Bernet, M. F., D. Brassart, J.-R. Neeser and A. L. Servin. 1994. Lactobacillus acidophillus LA1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut. 35: 483-489 https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.4.483
  7. Bongaerts, G., R. Severijnen, and H. Timmerman. 2005. Effect of antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics in treatment for hepatic encephalopathy, Med. Hypotheses 64: 64-68 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.029
  8. Brock, T. D. and M. T. Madigan, 1988. Biology of microorganisms. 5th eds, Prentice-Hall International Editions, London, England
  9. Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Method for preventing or treating the development of resiratory allergies, US- 0144287
  10. Champbell, G. L. and M. R. Bedford. 1992. Enzyme applications for monogastric feeds. A Rev. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 72: 449-466 https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-058
  11. Chan, R. C. Y., A. W. Bruce, and G. Reid. 1984. Adherence of cervical, vaginal and distal urethral normal microbial flora to human uroepithelial cells and the inhibition of adherence of Gram-negative uropathogen by competitive exclusion. J. Urol. 131: 596-601 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)50512-1
  12. Chan, R. C. Y., G. Reid, R. T. Irvin, A. W. Bruce and J. W. Costerton. 1985. Competitive exclusion of uropathogens from human uroepitherial cells by Lactobacillus whole cells and cell wall fragment. Infect. Immun. 47: 84-89
  13. Chang, Y.-H., J.-K. Kim, J.-H. Yoon, W.-Y. Kim, Y.-W. hoi, W.-J. Lee, Y.-B. Kim, and Y.-H. Park. 1999. Characteristics of Lactobacillus leuteri BSA-131 isolated from swine intestine. Kor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27: 23-27
  14. Chauviere, G., M. H. Coconnier, S. Kerneis, A. Darfeuille- Michaud, B. Joly, and A. L. Servin. 1992. Competitive exclusion of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (EHEC) from enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells in culture. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 91: 213-218 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05211.x
  15. Chiang, S. H. and Hsieh, W. H. 1995. Effect of direct-fed microorganisms on broiler growth performance and litter ammonia level. Asia-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 8: 159-162 https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1995.159
  16. Coconnier, M. H., M.-F. Bernet, G. Chauviere and A. L. Servin. 1993a. Adhering heat-killed human Lactobacillus acidophillus strain LB, inhibits the process of pathogenicity of diarrhoeagenic bacteria in cultured human intestinal cells, J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 11: 235-242
  17. Coconnier, M. H., M.-F. Bernet, S. Kerneis, G. Chauviere, J. Fournait and A. L. Servin. 1993b. Inhibition of adhesion of enteroinvasive pathogens to human intestinal Caco-2 cells by Lactobacillus acidophillus strain LB decreases bacterial invasion. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 110: 299-306 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06339.x
  18. Cole, C. B., P. H. Anderson, S. M. Philips, R. Fuller and D. Hewitt. 1984. The effect of yoghurt on the growth, lactoseutilizing gut organisms and $\beta$-glucuronidase activity of caecal contents of a lactose-fed, lactase-deficient animal. Food Microbiol. 1: 217-222 https://doi.org/10.1016/0740-0020(84)90037-6
  19. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Org. 2006. Reservation and transport of probiotic, 10-2006- 70006224
  20. Condon, S. 1987. Responses of lactic acid bacteria to oxygen. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 46: 269-280 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02465.x
  21. Corpak MedSystems, Inc. 2002. Probiotic/prebiotic composition and delivery method, US-0068750
  22. Davis, M. E., D. C. Brown, A. Baker, K. Bos, M. S. Dirain, E. Halbrook, Z. B. Johson, C. Maxwell, and T. Rehberger. 2007. Effect of direct-fed microbial and antibiotic supplemnet on gastrointestinal microflora, mucin histochemical characterization, and immune populations of weanling pigs. Livestock Sci. 108: 249-253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.063
  23. de Vuyst, L. and E. J. Vandamme. 1994. Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria, In L. de Vuyst and E. J. Vandamme (eds.), Microbiology, Genetics and Applications, Blackie Academic and Professional. Glasgow
  24. Dobrogosz, W. J., I. A. Casas, G. A. Pagano, T. L. Talarico, B.-M. Sjberg and M. Karlsson. 1989. Lactobacillus reuteri and the enteric microbiota, pp. 283-292. In Gruff, R. et al., (ed.), The regulatory and Protective Role of the National Microflora. Stockton Press, New York
  25. European Commission. 2005. Opinion on the use of certain micro-organisms as additives in feedingstuffs
  26. Finegold, S. M. 1970. The significance of the intestinal microflora. Del. Med. J. 42: 341-345
  27. Food Industry Research and Development Institute. 2003. Acid-and bile salt-resistantisolates having the ability to lower and assimilate cholesterol, US-0684105
  28. Fuller, R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66: 365-368 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x
  29. Gnosis SPA, 2006. Method for preparing yeast microcapsule, JP-0038801
  30. Goossens, D., D. Jonkers, M. Russel, A. Thijs, A. van den Bogaard, E. Stobberingh, and R. Stockbrgger. 2005. Survival of the probiotics, L. plantarum 299v and its effect on the faecal bacterial flora, with and without gastric acid inhibition, Digest. Liver Dis. 37: 44-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2004.07.018
  31. Gourama, H. and L. B. Bullerman. 1995. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus by Lactobacillus species. J. Food Prot. 58: 1249-1256 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-58.11.1249
  32. Havenaar, R., B. T. Brink and J. H. J. I. Veid. 1992. Selection of strains for probiotic use, pp. 209-224. In Fuller, R. (ed.), Probiotics : The scientific basis. Chapmann & Hall, London
  33. Hinton, M. G., C. Mead, and C. S. Impey. 1991. Protection of chicks against environmental challenge with Salmonella enteriridis by competitive exclusion and acid-treated feed. Letters Appl. Microbiol. 12: 69-71 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00506.x
  34. Hong, J. W., I. H. Kim, O. S. Kwon, J. H. Kim, B. J. Min, and W. B. Lee. 2002. Effects of dietary probiotics supplementation on growth performance and fecal gas emission in nursi. 44: 305-314
  35. Hong, S., W. J. Kim, S. Cha, and B. H. Lee. 1996. Growth of Lactobacillus acidophillus in whey-based medium and preparation of cell concentrate for production of probiotics. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6: 128-131
  36. Huttunen, E., K. Noro, and Z. Yang. 1995. Purification and identification of antimicrobial substances produced by two Lactobacillus casei strains. Int. Dairy J. 5: 503-513 https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-6946(95)00030-7
  37. Jay, J. M. 1982. Antimicrobial properties of diacetyl. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44: 525-532
  38. Jun, K. D., H.-J. Kim, K.-H. Lee, H.-D. Paik, and J.-S. Kang. 2002. Characterization of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD as a probiotic. Kor. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30:359- 366
  39. Khedkar, C. D., J. M. Mantri, and S. A. Kulkarnl. 1989. Therapeutic properties of acidophilus milk. Indian Dairyman. 41: 562-565
  40. King, A. D. J. and C. W. Nagel. 1975. Influence of carbon dioxide upon the metabolism of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Fd. Sci. 40: 362-366 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb02202.x
  41. Ko, Y.-H., T.-K. Oh, Y.-H. Park, Y.-S. Kim, D.-Y, Yoo, and K.-H. Cho. 1991. New Lactobacillus sp. KCTC 8458BP and its application. Kor. Patent Publ. No. 91004366: 187-195
  42. Ko, T. G. 2000. Study for the development of antibiotics-free diet for weanling pigs. Kor. J. Ani. Res. & Sci. 42: 37-44
  43. Koo, S.-M., Y.-H. Cho, C.-S. Huh, Y.-J. Back, and J.-Y. Park. 2001. Improvement of the stability of Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018 by microencapsulation using algiante and chitosan. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11: 376-383
  44. Lim, Y.-B., N.-S. Paek, and Y.-M. Kim. 2001. Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Development of Probiotics and the Effect of cryoprotectant Agents. Kor. J. Food & Nutr. 14: 441-445
  45. Lindgren, S. E. and W. J. Dobrogosz. 1990. Antagonistic activities of lactic acid bacteria in food and feed fermentations. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 87: 149-163 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04885.x
  46. Morris, J. G. 1976. Oxygen and obligate anaerobe. J. Appl. Bact. 40: 229-244 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1976.tb04171.x
  47. Muralidhara, K. S., G. G. Sheggeby, P. B. Eliker, D. C. England, and W. E. Sandine. 1977. Effects of feeding lactobacilli on the coliform and Lactobacillus flora on intestinal tissue and feces from piglets. J. Food Prod. 40: 288 https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-40.5.288
  48. National agriculture & food research organization, 2005. Microorganism preparation for preparing feed and its utilization, JP-0275765
  49. Otto, E. R., M. Yokoyuma, S. Hengemuehle, R. D. Von Bermuth. T. Van Kempen, and N. L. Trottier. 2003. Ammonia, volatile fatty acids, phenolics and odor offensiveness in manure from growing pigs fed diets reduced in protein concentration. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 1754-1763
  50. Paik, H. D., M. Y. Jung, H. Y. Jung, W. S. Kim, and K. T. Kim. 2002. Characterization of Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD for Oral Bacteriotherapy of Gastrointestinal Disorders. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 34: 73-78
  51. Porubcan, Randolph Stanley, 2003. Formulations to increasesurvival of probiotic bacteria and extend their shelf-life, US-0743402
  52. Porubcan, Randolph Stanley, 2006. Formulations to increase in vivo survival of probiotic bacteria and extend their shelflife, US-0415894
  53. PM International AG, 2004. Powder for preparation of a probiotic yogurt food, US-0942826
  54. Salminen, S., M. A. Deighton, Y. Benno, S. L. Gorbach. 1998. Lactic acid bacteria in health and disease, pp. 211-253. In Salminen, S. and S. von Wright (2nd ed.), Lactic acid bacteria: Microbiology and functional aspects. Series: Food science and technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc., Madison Avenue, New York
  55. Sanders, M. E., J. K. Kondo and D. L. Willrett. 1991. Application of lactic acid bacteria, pp. 433-459. In 1. Goldberg and R. Williams(ed.1), Biotechnology and Food Ingredient, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
  56. Shahani, K. M., J. R. Valki, and A. Kilara. 1976. Natural antibiotic activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus: I. Cultured conditions for the production of antibiotic. J. Cultured Dairy Prod. 11: 14-17
  57. Societe de produea Nestle societeanonim, 2002, New probiotic for pet feed, 10-2002-7015880
  58. Wells, J. E., Yen, J. T., and Miller, D.N. 2005. Impact of dried skim milk in production diets on Lactobacillus and pathogenic bacterial shedding in growing-finishing swine. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99: 400-407 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02629.x
  59. Yang, Y.-K., J.-I. Cho, H.-K. Kang, M.-N. Moon, and Y.-B. Lee. 2007. Deveolopment of Bio-Formula Complex for Domestic Animal Feeding. Kor. J. Org. Agri. 15: 93-108
  60. 農林水産技術會議事務局, 2006. 畜産で利用される 臭氣對策 資 材の 果側定方法, 日本
  61. 윤창영농조합법인:진상근, 2005. 미생물제제를 이용한 무항생 제 돼지고기 생산방법, 10-2005-0038269