Apparent Amino Acid and Energy Digestibilities of Common Feed Ingredients for Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

  • Lee, Sang-Min (Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology, Kangnung National University) ;
  • Seo, Joo-Young (Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology, Kangnung National University) ;
  • Choi, Kyoung-Hyun (Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology, Kangnung National University) ;
  • Kim, Kyoung-Duck (Aquafeed Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute)
  • Published : 2008.05.25

Abstract

Flounder were fed a reference diet and test diets containing various feed ingredients: mackerel fish meal, meat meal, soybean meal, wheat flour, wheat gluten, corn gluten meal and brewer's yeast. Apparent digestibility was determined using a reference diet with 0.5% chromic oxide indicator and test diets contained 70% reference diet and 30% of the feed ingredient being evaluated. Apparent digestibility coefficients for amino acid and energy in the reference and test diets were determined, and digestibility coefficients for the test ingredients were calculated based on differences in the digestibility of test diets relative to the reference diet. The fish averaging 300 g were held in 2000 L tanks at a density of 20 fish per tank. Feces were collected from three replicate groups of fish using a fecal collection column attached to fish rearing tank. Apparent total amino acids digestibilities(90-95%) of mackerel fish meal, soybean meal, wheat gluten, corn gluten meal and brewer's yeast were higher than those of meat meal and wheat flour(P<0.05). Apparent energy digestibilities(86-98%) of mackerel fish meal, meat meal, soybean meal, wheat gluten and corn gluten meal were significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of wheat flour and brewer's yeast. These results provide useful information about nutrient and energy utilization for flounder.

Keywords

References

  1. Anderson, J. S., A. J. Jackson, A. J. Matty and B. S. Capper, 1984. Effects of dietary carbohydrate and fiber on the tilapia Orechromis niloticus (Linn.). Aquaculture, 37, 303-314 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(84)90296-5
  2. Bransden, M. P. and C. G. Carter, 1999. Effect of processing soybean meal on the apparent digestibility of practical diets for the greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina (Günther). Aquac. Res., 30, 719-723 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00367.x
  3. Bergot, F., 1979. Carbohydrate in rainbow trout diets: effects of the level and source of carbohydrate and the number of meals on growth and body composition. Aquaculture, 18, 157-167 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(79)90028-0
  4. Bergot, F. and J. Breque, 1983. Digestibility of starch by rainbow trout: effects of the physical state of starch and of intake level. Aquaculture, 34, 203-212 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90203-X
  5. Choi, S., X. Wang, G. Park, S. Lim, K. Kim, S. C. Bai and I. Shin, 2004. Dietary dehulled soybean meal as a replacement for fish meal in fingerling and growing olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Aquac. Res., 35, 410-418 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01046.x
  6. Cho, C. Y., S. J. Slinger and H. S. Bayley, 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73B, 25-41
  7. Cowey, C. B. and M. J. Walton, 1989. Intermediary metabolism. (in) J. E. Halver (ed.), Fish Nutrition, 2nd edn., Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 259-329
  8. Deng, J., K. Mai, Q. Ai, W. Zhang, X. Wang, W. Xu and Z. Liufu, 2006. Effects of replacing fish meal with soy protein concentrate on feed intake and growth of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 258, 503-513 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.004
  9. Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple-range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11, 1-42 https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478
  10. Farkas, V., 1985. The fungal cell wall. Fungal protoplasts. (in) Peberdy, J. F. and L. Ferenczy (eds.), Applications in Biochemistry and Genetics. Marcel Dekker, NY, USA, pp. 3-29
  11. Furukawa, A. and H. Tsukahara, 1966. On the acid digestion for the determination of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 32, 502-506 https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.32.502
  12. Gaylord, T. G. and D. M. Gatlin III, 1996. Determination of digestibility coefficients of various feedstuffs for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 139, 303-314 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01175-7
  13. Hamre, K., A. Ofsti, T. Naess, R. Nortvedt and J. C. Holm, 2003. Macronutrient composition of formulated diets for Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus, L.) juveniles. Aquaculture, 227, 233-244 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00506-4
  14. Hilton, J. W., J. I. Atkinson and S. J. Slinger, 1983. Effect of increased dietary fiber on the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40, 81-85 https://doi.org/10.1139/f83-012
  15. Johnson, E. A., T. G. Villa and M. J. Lewis, 1980. Phaffia rhodozyma as an astaxanthin source in salmonid diets. Aquaculture, 20, 123-134 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(80)90041-1
  16. Kikuchi, K., 1999. Use of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in diets of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture, 179, 3-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00147-7
  17. Kikuchi, K., H. Honda and M. Kiyono, 1992. Effect of dietary protein level on growth and body composition of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Suisanzoshoku, 40, 335-340
  18. Kim, Y. S., B. S. Kim, T. S. Moon and S.-M. Lee, 2000. Utilization of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in the diet of juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) J. Kor. Fish. Soc., 33, 469-474
  19. Lee, S.-M., C. H. Seo and Y. S. Cho, 1999. Growth of the juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fed the diets at different feeding frequencies. J. Kor. Fish. Soc., 32, 18-21
  20. Lee, S.-M., S. H. Cho and K.-D. Kim, 2000a. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. J. World Aquac. Soc., 31, 306-315 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2000.tb00882.x
  21. Lee, S.-M., S. H. Cho and D. J. Kim. 2000b. Effects of feeding frequency and dietary energy level on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquac. Res., 31, 917-921 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00505.x
  22. Lee, S.-M., C. S. Park and I. C. Bang, 2002. Dietary protein requirement of young Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed isocaloric diets. Fish. Sci., 68, 158-164 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2002.00402.x
  23. Lee, S.-M., 2002. Apparent digestibility coefficients of various feed ingredients for juvenile and grower rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture, 207, 79-95 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00751-7
  24. Lee, S.-M., K.-D. Kim and S. P. Lall, 2003. Utilization of glucose, maltose, dextrin and cellulose by juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture, 221, 427-438 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00061-9
  25. Lee, S.-M. and K.-D. Kim, 2005. Effect of various levels of lipid exchanged with dextrin at different protein level in diet on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquac. Nutr., 11, 435-442 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2005.00372.x
  26. McGoogan, B. B. and R. C. Reigh, 1996. Apparent digestibility of selected ingredients in red drum (Sciaenops acellatus) diets. Aquaculture, 16, 39-46 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(79)90170-4
  27. Ogino, C. and M. S. Chen, 1973. Protein nutrition in fish, III. Apparent and true digestibility of dietary protein in carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 39, 649-651 https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.39.649
  28. Rumsey, G. L., 1993. Fish meal and alternate sources of protein in fish feeds update 1993. Fisheries, 18, 14-19
  29. Sato, T. and K. Kikuchi, 1997. Meat meal as a protein source in the diet of juvenile Japanese flounder. Fish. Sci., 63, 877-880 https://doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.63.877
  30. Shah, N., M. T. Atallah, R. P. Mahoney and P. L. Pellet, 1982. Effect of dietary fiber components of fecal nitrogen excretion and protein utilization in growing rats. J. Nutr., 112, 658-666 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/112.4.658
  31. Smith, R. R., 1995. Apparent digestion coefficients and metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. J. World Aquac. Soc., 26, 432-437 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00839.x
  32. Sugiura, S. H., F. M. Dong, C. K. Rathbone and R. W. Hardy, 1998. Apparent digestibility and mineral availabilities in various feed ingredients for salmonids feeds. Aquaculture, 159, 177-202 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00177-4
  33. Sullivan, J. A. and R. C. Reigh, 1995. Apparent digestibility of selected feedstuffs in diets for hybrid striped bass (Morone Saxatilis ${\female}{\times}$ Morone chrysops ${\male}$). Aquaculture, 138, 313-322 https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01071-8
  34. Walker, A. R. P., 1975. Effect of high crude fiber intake on transit time and absorption of nutrients in South African negro schoolchildren. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28, 1161-1169 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/28.10.1161
  35. Walton, M. J. and C. B. Cowey, 1982. Aspects of intermediary metabolism in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73B, 59-79
  36. Willson, R. P., E. H. Rovinson and W. E. Poe, 1981. Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for channel catfish. J. Nutr., 111, 923-929 https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/111.5.923