DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A forensic study of the Lubbock-Reese downdraft of 2002

  • Holmes, J.D. (JDH Consulting) ;
  • Hangan, H.M. (University of Western Ontario) ;
  • Schroeder, J.L. (Texas Tech University) ;
  • Letchford, C.W. (University of Tasmania) ;
  • Orwig, K.D. (Texas Tech University)
  • 투고 : 2007.10.18
  • 심사 : 2008.03.05
  • 발행 : 2008.04.25

초록

This paper discusses engineering aspects of the rear-flank downdraft that was recorded near Lubbock, Texas on 4 June 2002, and produced a gust wind speed nearly equal to the design value (50-year return period) for the region. The general characteristics of the storm, and the decomposition of the time histories into deterministic 'running mean' and random turbulence components are discussed. The fluctuating wind speeds generated by the event can be represented as a dominant low-frequency 'running mean' with superimposed random turbulence of higher frequencies. Spectral and correlation characteristics of the residual turbulence are found to be similar to those of high-frequency turbulence in boundary-layer winds. However, the low-frequency components in the running-mean wind speeds are spatially homogeneous, in contrast to the low-frequency turbulence found in synoptic boundary-layer winds. With respect to transmission line design, this results in significantly higher 'span reduction factors'.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. American Society of Civil Engineers (2006), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-05, A.S.C.E., New York.
  2. Chen, L. and Letchford, C.W. (2005), "Proper orthogonal decomposition of two vertical profiles of full-scale non-stationary correlated downburst wind speeds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 93, 187-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2004.11.004
  3. Chen, L. and Letchford, C.W. (2006), "Multi-scale lateral correlation analyses of two lateral profiles of full-scale downburst wind speeds", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 94, 675-696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.01.021
  4. Choi, E.C.C. and Hidayat, F.A. (2002), "Dynamic response of structures to thunderstorm winds", Prog. Struct. Eng. Mech., 4, 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.132
  5. Fujita, T.T. (1985), "Andrews AFB microburst", Dept. of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, SMRP Research paper 205, December 1985.
  6. Gast, K.D. and Schroeder, J.L. (2003), "Supercell rear-flank downdraft as sampled in the 2002 thunderstorm outflow experiment", 11th International Conference on Wind Engineering, Lubbock, Texas, June 2-5, 2003.
  7. Holmes, J.D. (1999), "Modeling of extreme thunderstorm winds for wind loading and risk assessment", Proceedings, of the 10th International Conference on Wind Engineering, Copenhagen 1999, Balkema Press, Amsterdam, 1999, pp. 1409-1455.
  8. Holmes, J.D. (2007), Wind loading of structures, Taylor and Francis, U.K.
  9. Holmes, J.D. and Oliver, S.E. (2000), "An empirical model of a downburst", Eng. Struct. 22, 1167-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(99)00058-9
  10. Jeong, J. and Hussain, F. (1995), "On the identification of a vortex", J. Fluid Mech., 285 69-94. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112095000462
  11. Kim, J. and Hangan, H.M. (2007), "Numerical simulations of impinging jets with applications to down-bursts", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 95(4) 279-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.07.002
  12. Letchford, C.W., Mans, C. and Chay, M.T. (2002), "Thunderstorms - their importance in wind engineering", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90, 1415-1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00262-3
  13. Levitan, M.L. and Mehta, K.C. (1992), "Texas Tech Field Experiment for wind loads. Part II: Meteorological instrumentation and terrain parameters", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 43, 1577-1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90373-I
  14. Orwig, K.D. and Schroeder, J.L. (2007), "Near-surface wind characteristics of extreme thunderstorm outflows", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 95(7), 565-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2006.12.002
  15. Ponte, J. and Riera, J.D. (2007), "Wind velocity field during thunderstorms", Wind Struct., 10, 287-300. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2007.10.3.287
  16. Standards Australia, (2002). Structural design actions. Part 2: Wind actions. Australian/New Zealand Standard, AS/NZS 1170.2:2002.
  17. Wakimoto, R.M. (2001), "Convectively driven high wind events", Met. Monographs, 29, 255-298.

피인용 문헌

  1. Current and Future Directions for Wind Research at Western: A New Quantum Leap in Wind Research through the Wind Engineering, Energy and Environment (WindEEE) Dome vol.35, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.5359/jawe.35.277
  2. Engineering method for estimating the reactions of transmission line conductors under downburst winds vol.99, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.010
  3. A method to assess peak storm wind speeds using detailed damage surveys vol.33, pp.1, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.09.021
  4. Numerical simulation of idealised three-dimensional downburst wind fields vol.32, pp.11, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.07.024
  5. Measurements of downburst wind loading acting on an overhead transmission line in Northern Germany vol.199, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.578
  6. Separation and classification of extreme wind events from anemometric records vol.126, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.01.006
  7. Dynamic response of transmission line conductors under downburst and synoptic winds vol.21, pp.2, 2015, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2015.21.2.241
  8. Novel techniques in wind engineering vol.171, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.09.010
  9. Circumferential analysis of a simulated three-dimensional downburst-producing thunderstorm outflow vol.135, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.07.004
  10. Implementation of a gust front head collapse scheme in the WRF numerical model vol.203, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.12.018
  11. High-resolution full-scale measurements of thunderstorm outflow winds vol.138, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.12.005
  12. Thunderstorm response spectrum technique: Theory and applications vol.108, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.012
  13. Empirical models for predicting unsteady-state downburst wind speeds vol.129, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.03.011
  14. Review on dynamic and quasi-static buffeting response of transmission lines under synoptic and non-synoptic winds vol.112, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.003
  15. Aerodynamic forces on generic buildings subject to transient, downburst-type winds vol.137, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.12.003
  16. Aerodynamic forces on the roofs of low-, mid- and high-rise buildings subject to transient winds vol.143, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.020
  17. Thunderstorm characteristics of importance to wind engineering vol.125, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.12.004
  18. Hybrid simulation of thunderstorm outflows and wind-excited response of structures vol.52, pp.13, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-017-0718-x
  19. A refined analysis of thunderstorm outflow characteristics relevant to the wind loading of structures 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2017.06.003
  20. Aero-elastic testing of multi-spanned transmission line subjected to downbursts vol.169, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.010
  21. Validation of Dual-Doppler Wind Profiles with in situ Anemometry vol.32, pp.5, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00181.1
  22. Capacity of a transmission tower under downburst wind loading vol.22, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2016.22.1.065
  23. Turbulence characterization of downbursts using LES vol.136, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2014.10.020
  24. Failure analysis of guyed transmission lines during F2 tornado event vol.85, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.11.045
  25. A coupled parametric-CFD study for determining ages of downbursts through investigation of different field parameters vol.123, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2013.09.010
  26. Temporal Variation of the Pressure from a Steady Impinging Jet Model of Dry Microburst-Like Wind Using URANS vol.6, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/computation6010002
  27. Behaviour of transmission line conductors under tornado wind vol.22, pp.3, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2016.22.3.369
  28. Longitudinal force on transmission towers due to non-symmetric downburst conductor loads vol.127, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.08.030
  29. Thunderstorm response spectrum: Fundamentals and case study vol.143, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2015.04.009
  30. F2 tornado velocity profiles critical for transmission line structures vol.106, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.10.020
  31. A revised empirical model and CFD simulations for 3D axisymmetric steady-state flows of downbursts and impinging jets vol.102, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2011.12.004
  32. Critical Parameters and Configurations Affecting the Analysis and Design of Guyed Transmission Towers under Downburst Loading vol.22, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000301
  33. Critical load cases for lattice transmission line structures subjected to downbursts: Economic implications for design of transmission lines vol.159, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.12.043
  34. Field Data Analysis and Weather Scenario of a Downburst Event in Livorno, Italy, on 1 October 2012 vol.145, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0018.1
  35. Analysis of buffeting response of hinged overhead transmission conductor to nonstationary winds vol.147, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.009
  36. Statistical characteristics of convective wind gusts in Germany vol.17, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-957-2017
  37. Monitoring, cataloguing, and weather scenarios of thunderstorm outflows in the northern Mediterranean vol.18, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2309-2018
  38. Property of a Typical Urban Thunderstorm Outflow Relevant to Wind Load on Structures vol.218, pp.1755-1315, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/218/1/012086
  39. The physical simulation of thunderstorm downbursts using an impinging jet vol.12, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2009.12.2.133
  40. Dynamic characteristics of transmission line conductors and behaviour under turbulent downburst loading vol.13, pp.4, 2010, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2010.13.4.327
  41. Physical modelling of a downdraft outflow with a slot jet vol.13, pp.5, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2010.13.5.385
  42. Assessment of vertical wind loads on lattice framework with application to thunderstorm winds vol.13, pp.5, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2010.13.5.413
  43. Recent Brazilian research on thunderstorm winds and their effects on structural design vol.15, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2012.15.2.111
  44. Surface measurements of the 5 June 2013 damaging thunderstorm wind event near Pep, Texas vol.24, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2017.24.2.185
  45. Extreme wind speed distribution in a mixed wind climate vol.176, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.03.019
  46. Computationally efficient stochastic approach for the fragility analysis of vertical structures subjected to thunderstorm downburst winds vol.165, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.007
  47. Aero-elastic response of transmission line system subjected to downburst wind: Validation of numerical model using experimental data vol.27, pp.2, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2018.27.2.071
  48. The Dynamic Effect of Downburst Winds on the Longitudinal Forces Applied to Transmission Towers vol.5, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2019.00059
  49. Evaluation of Peak Transmission Line Conductor Reactions Under Downburst Winds Using Optimization and Simplified Approaches vol.5, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2019.00088
  50. Exploring the Feasibility of Using Commercially Available Vertically Pointing Wind Profiling Lidars to Acquire Thunderstorm Wind Profiles vol.5, pp.None, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2019.00119
  51. Aerodynamic loading of a typical low-rise building for an experimental stationary and non-Gaussian impinging jet vol.28, pp.5, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.28.5.315
  52. Directional response of structures to thunderstorm outflows vol.54, pp.9, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-019-00986-5
  53. Behaviour and design of guyed pre-stressed concrete poles under downbursts vol.29, pp.5, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2019.29.5.339
  54. A novel approach to scaling experimentally produced downburst-like impinging jet outflows vol.196, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2019.104025
  55. Thunderstorm Downbursts and Wind Loading of Structures: Progress and Prospect vol.6, pp.None, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00063
  56. Characteristics of Wind Structure and Nowcasting of Gust Associated with Subtropical Squall Lines over Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China vol.11, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11030270
  57. Numerical characterization of downburst wind field at WindEEE dome vol.30, pp.3, 2008, https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2020.30.3.231
  58. Investigation of the Transient Nature of Thunderstorm Winds from Europe, the United States, and Australia Using a New Method for Detection of Changepoints in Wind Speed Records vol.148, pp.9, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-19-0312.1
  59. Characteristics and Vertical Profiles of Mean Wind and Turbulence for Typhoon, Monsoon, and Thunderstorm Winds vol.147, pp.11, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0003156
  60. Parametric study of the quasi-static response of wind turbines in downburst conditions using a numerical model vol.250, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113440
  61. Machine learning based automated identification of thunderstorms from anemometric records using shapelet transform vol.220, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2021.104856
  62. Simulating nonstationary non-Gaussian vector process based on continuous wavelet transform vol.165, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.108340