Macromolecular Research

  • 제16권2호
  • /
  • Pages.85-102
  • /
  • 2008
  • /
  • 1598-5032(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-7673(eISSN)
한국고분자학회 (The Polymer Society of Korea)
권호 표지

Versatile Strategies for Fabricating Polymer Nanomaterials with Controlled Size and Morphology

  • Yoon, Hyeon-Seok (School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University) ;
  • Choi, Moon-Jung (School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Kyung-Jin (School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jang, Jyong-Sik (School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University)
  • 발행 : 2008.02.29
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The development of reliable synthetic routes to polymer nanomaterials with well-defined size and morphology is a critical research topic in contemporary materials science. The ability to generate nanometer-sized polymer materials can offer unprecedented, interesting insights into the physical and chemical properties of the corresponding materials. In addition, control over shape and geometry of polymer nanoparticles affords versatile polymer nanostructures, encompassing nanospheres, core-shell nanoparticles, hollow nanoparticles, nanorods/fibers, nanotubes, and nanoporous materials. This review summarizes a diverse range of synthetic methods (broadly, hard template synthesis, soft template synthesis, and template-free synthesis) for fabricating polymer nanomaterials. The basic concepts and significant issues with respect to the synthetic strategies and tools are briefly introduced, and the examples of some of the outstanding research are highlighted. Our aim is to present a comprehensive review of research activities that concentrate on fabrication of various kinds of polymer nanoparticles.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. E. Roduner, Chem. Soc. Rev., 35, 583 (2006)
  2. G. Hodes, Adv. Mater., 19, 639 (2007)
  3. C. Burda, X. Chen, R. Narayanan, and M. A. El-Sayed, Chem. Rev., 105, 1025 (2005)
  4. K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, and G. C. Schatz, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 668 (2003)
  5. J. H. Kim, J. Jang, D. Y. Lee, and W. C. Zin, Macromolecules, 35, 311 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011278u
  6. J. H. Kim, J. Jang, and W. C. Zin, Langmuir, 17, 2703 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/la0010572
  7. J. H. Kim, J. Jang, and W. C. Zin, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 22, 386 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1002/1521-3927(20010101)22:1<1::AID-MARC1>3.0.CO;2-T
  8. J. Jang, Adv. Polym. Sci., 199, 189 (2006)
  9. S. Nayak and L. A. Lyon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 7686 (2005)
  10. J. Panyam and V. Labhasetwar, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 55, 329 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00169-2
  11. Y.-K. Lee, Macromol. Res., 14, 387 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03219099
  12. K. Y. Lee, Macromol. Res., 13, 542 (2005)
  13. P. Y. Chow and L. M. Gan, Adv. Polym. Sci., 175, 257, (2005)
  14. J. M. Asua, J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem., 42, 1025 (2004)
  15. J. Klier, C. J. Tucker, T. H. Kalantar, and D. P. Green, Adv. Mater., 12, 1751 (2000)
  16. R. Nagarajan and E. Ruckenstein, Langmuir, 16, 6400 (2000)
  17. J. Jang, J. H. Oh, and G. D. Stucky, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41, 4016 (2002)
  18. J. Jang and J. H. Oh, Chem. Commun., 2200 (2002)
  19. J. Jang and J. H. Oh, Langmuir, 20, 8419 (2004)
  20. J. Jang and J. H. Oh, Adv. Mater., 16, 1650 (2004)
  21. C. D. Anderson, E. D. Sudol, and M. S. El-Aasser, Macromolecules, 35, 574 (2002)
  22. G. He and Q. Pan, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 25, 1545 (2004)
  23. J. A. Westbrook, K. L. Manno, and Y. Li, Chem. Educator., 6, 104 (2001)
  24. S. E. Shim, H. Lee, and S. Choe, Macromolecules, 37, 5565 (2004)
  25. Y. Wang, W. Zhong, N. Jiang, and W. Yang, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 87 (2005)
  26. J. Jang, J. Bae, and S. Ko, J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem., 43, 2258 (2005)
  27. J. Jang, J. Ha, and S. Kim, Macromol. Res., 15, 154 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218767
  28. P. A. Hassan, S. N. Sawant, N. C. Bagkar, and J. V. Yakhmi, Langmuir, 20, 4874 (2004)
  29. D. Kim, J. Choi, J.-Y. Kim, Y.-K. Han, and D. Sohn, Macromolecules, 35, 5314 (2002)
  30. M. G. Han, S. K. Cho, S. G. Oh, and S. S. Im, Synth. Met., 126, 53 (2002)
  31. B.-J. Kim, S.-G. Oh, M.-G. Han, and S.-S. Im, Synth. Met., 122, 297 (2001)
  32. K. MYller, M.-K. Park, M. Klapper, W. Knoll, and K. MYllen, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 208, 1394 (2007)
  33. K. MYller, M. Klapper, and K. MYllen, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 27, 586 (2006)
  34. J. Jang and H. Yoon, Small, 1, 1195 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200590003
  35. H. Yoon, S. Ko, and J. Jang, Chem. Commun., 1468 (2007)
  36. B. Choi, H. Yoon, I.-S. Park, J. Jang, and Y.-E. Sung, Carbon, 45, 2496 (2007)
  37. I. Capek and C.-S. Chern, Adv. Polym. Sci., 155, 101 (2001)
  38. S. Kawaguchi and K. Ito, Adv. Polym. Sci., 175, 299 (2005)
  39. T. K. Mandal and B. M. Mandal, J. Polym. Sci., 37, 3723 (1999)
  40. T. K. Mandal and B. M. Mandal, Polymer, 36, 1911 (1995)
  41. J. Jang, J. Ha, and J. Cho, Adv. Mater., 19, 1772 (2007)
  42. S. Dorey, C. Vasilev, L. Vidal, C. Labbe, and N. Gospodinova, Polymer, 46, 1309 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.004
  43. C. Tang, K. Qi, K. L. Wooley, K. Matyjaszewski, and T. Kowalewski, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43, 2783 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390640
  44. T. He, D. J. Adams, M. F. Butler, C. T. Yeoh, A. I. Copper, and S. P. Rannard, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 9243 (2007)
  45. T. Akagi, M. Baba, and M. Akashi, Polymer, 48, 6729 (2007)
  46. C. Choi, M.-K. Jang, and J.-W. Nah, Macromol. Res., 15, 623 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218942
  47. S. Y. Kim, S. H. Cho, Y. M. Lee, and L.-Y. Chu, Macromol. Res., 15, 646 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218945
  48. K. Matyjaszewski and J. Xia, Chem. Rev., 101, 2921 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/cr990410+
  49. T. E. Patten and K. Matyjaszewski, Adv. Mater., 10, 901 (1998)
  50. A. Hasneen, S. J. Kim, and H.-J. Paik, Macromol. Res., 15, 541 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218828
  51. Z. Xue, S. K. Noh, and W. S. Lyoo, Macromol. Res., 15, 302 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218791
  52. Y.-J. Kwark, J. Kim, and B. M. Novak, Macromol. Res., 15, 31 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218749
  53. H. J. Kim, H. S. Kim, and Y. K. Kwon, Macromol. Res., 13, 529 (2005)
  54. S. C. Hong, K. E. Shin, S. K. Noh, and W. S. Lyoo, Macromol. Res., 13, 391 (2005)
  55. H. Gao, T. Jiang, B. Han, Y. Wang, J. Du, Z. Liu, and J. Zhang, Polymer, 45, 3017 (2004)
  56. R. Lv, S. Zhang, Q. Shi, and J. Kan, Synth. Met., 150, 115 (2005)
  57. Z. Tang, S. Liu, Z. Wang, S. Dong, and E. Wang, Electrochem. Commun., 2, 32 (2002)
  58. M. A. Khan and S. P. Armes, Adv. Mater., 12, 671 (2000)
  59. F. Caruso, Adv. Mater., 13, 11 (2001)
  60. R. M. Crooks, M. Zhao, L. Sun, V. Chechik, and L. K. Yeung, Acc. Chem. Res., 34, 181 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/ar000113n
  61. C. J. Zhong and M. M. Maye, Adv. Mater., 13, 1507 (2001)
  62. K. Kim, J.-H. Kim, S. Kim, H. Chung, K. Choi, I. C. Kwon, J. H. Park, Y.-S. Kim, R.-W. Park, I.-S. Kim, and S. Y. Jeong, Macromol. Res., 13, 167 (2005)
  63. Y. F. Chen and Z. Rosenzweig, Nano Lett., 2, 1299 (2002)
  64. M. K. Corbierre, N. S. Cameron, M. Sutton, S. G. J. Mochrie, L. B. Lurio, A. Ruehm, and R. B. Lennox, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 10411 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja002793v
  65. J. Jang and J. Oh, Adv. Funct. Mater., 15, 494 (2005)
  66. J. Jang and H. Ha, Chem. Mater., 15, 2109 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1021/cm020766t
  67. D. I. Lee, J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem., 44, 2826 (2006)
  68. M. R. Moghbeli, N. Mohammadi, and R. Bagheri, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 105, 1412 (2007)
  69. J.-E. Jsnsson, O. J. Karlsson, H. Hassander, and B. Tsrnell, Macromolecules, 34, 1512 (2001)
  70. J. Jang, J. Ha, and B. Lim, Chem. Commun., 1622 (2006)
  71. M. G. Han and S. H. Foulger, Chem. Commun., 2154 (2004)
  72. J. Jang, S. Kim, and K. Lee, Chem. Commun., 2689 (2007)
  73. W. B. Tan and Y. Zhang, Adv. Mater., 17, 2375 (2005)
  74. J. M. Dubach, D. I. Harjes, and H. A. Clark, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 8418 (2007)
  75. J. Jang, Y. Nam, and H. Yoon, Adv. Mater., 17, 1382 (2005)
  76. T. von Werne and T. E. Patten, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 7497 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja002793v
  77. D. Li, Y. Cui, K. Wang, Q. He, X. Yan, and J. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater., 17, 3134 (2007)
  78. D. J. Kim, S. M. Kang, B. Kong, W.-J. Kim, H.-J. Paik, H. Choi, and I. S. Choi, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 206, 1941 (2005)
  79. G. Li, J. Fan, R. Jiang, and Y. Gao, Chem. Mater., 16, 1835 (2004)
  80. C. R. Vestal and Z. J. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 14312 (2002)
  81. Y. Wang, X. Teng, J.-S. Wang, and H. Yang, Nano Lett., 3, 789 (2003)
  82. Y. Kang and T. A. Taton, Macromolecules, 38, 6115 (2005)
  83. Y. Kang and T. A Taton, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 409 (2005)
  84. G. Liu, X. Yan, Z. Lu, S. A. Curda, and J. Lal, Chem. Mater., 17, 4985 (2005)
  85. B. D. Korth, P. Keng, I. Shim, S. E. Bowles, C. Tang, T. Kowalewski, K. W. Nebesny, and J. Pyun, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 6562 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja054700l
  86. Y. Zhu, J. Shi, W. Shen, X. Dong, J. Feng, M. Ruan, and Y. Li, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 5083 (2005)
  87. G. Schneider and G. Decher, Nano Lett., 4, 1833 (2004)
  88. D. I. Gittins and F. Caruso, J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 6846 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/jp003045v
  89. K. S. Mayya, B. Schoeler, and F. Caruso, Adv. Funct. Mater., 13, 183 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200390003
  90. J. Jang and B. Lim, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 5600 (2003)
  91. W. Meier, Chem. Soc. Rev., 29, 295 (2000)
  92. C. J. McDonald, K. J. Bouck, A. B. Chaput, and C. J. Stevens, Macromolecules, 33, 1593 (2000)
  93. F. Tiarks, K. Landfester, and M. Antoietti, Langmuir, 17, 908 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/la0010572
  94. Y. Luo and X. Zhou, J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem., 42, 2145 (2004)
  95. S. Torza and S. G. Mason, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 33, 67 (1970)
  96. J. Jang and K. Lee, Chem. Commun., 1098 (2002)
  97. G. D. Fu, Z. Shang, L. Hong, E. T. Kang, and K. G. Neoh, Macromolecules, 38, 7867 (2005)
  98. D. Cheng, H. Xia, and H. S. O. Chan, Langmuir, 20, 9909 (2004)
  99. J. Jang and J. Bae, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 1320 (2005)
  100. J. Jang and H. Ha, Langmuir, 18, 5613 (2002)
  101. J. Jang, X. L. Li, and J. H. OH, Chem. Commun., 794 (2004)
  102. J. Jang, J. H. Oh, and X. L. Li, J. Mater. Chem., 14, 2872 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1039/b310846p
  103. C. S. Peyratout and L. DShne, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43, 3762 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390640
  104. D. G. Shchukin, G. B. Sukhorukov, and H. Mshwald, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 4472 (2003)
  105. D. I. Gittins and F. Caruso, Adv. Mater., 12, 1947 (2000)
  106. P. Chodanowski and S. Stoll, J. Chem. Phys., 115, 4951 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1381575
  107. P. Haronska, T. A. Vilgis, R. Grottenm Yller, and M. Schmidt, Macromol. Theory Simul., 7, 241 (1998)
  108. J. L. Turner and K. L. Wooley, Nano Lett., 4, 683 (2004)
  109. Q. Zhang, E. E. Remsen, and K. L. Wooley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122, 3642 (2000)
  110. T. Sanji, T. Nakatsuka, S. Ohnishi, and H. Sakurai, Macromolecules, 33, 8524 (2000)
  111. M. Wang, M. Jiang, F. Ning, D. Chen, S. Liu, and H. Duan, Macromolecules, 35, 5980 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011278u
  112. Y. Zhang, M. Jiang, J. Zhao, J. Zhou, and D. Chen, Macromolecules, 37, 1537 (2004)
  113. K. Orfanou, D. Topouza, G. Sakellariou, and S. Pispas, J. Polym. Sci.; Part A: Polym. Chem., 41, 2454 (2003)
  114. C. Nardin, T. Hirt, J. Leukel, and W. Meier, Langmuir, 16, 1035 (2000)
  115. Y. Hu, X. Jiang, Y. Ding, Q. Chen, and C. Yang, Adv. Mater., 16, 933 (2004)
  116. D. Kim, E. Kim, J. Kim, K. M. Park, J. Baek, M. Jung, Y. H. Ko, W. Sung, H. S. Kim, J. H. Suh, C. H. Park, O. S. Na, D.-K. Lee, K. E. Lee, S. S. Han, and K. Kim, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 3471 (2007)
  117. A. M. Aleshin, Adv. Mater., 18, 17 (2006)
  118. S. J. Hurst, E. K. Payne, L. Qin, and C. A. Mirkin, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45, 2672 (2006)
  119. D. O'Carroll, I. Lieberwirth, and G. Redmond, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2, 180 (2007)
  120. I. S. Lee, O. H. Kwon, W. Meng, and I.-K. Kang, Macromol. Res., 12, 374 (2004)
  121. H. Park, K. Y. Lee, S. J. Lee, K. E. Park, and W. H. Park, Macromol. Res., 15, 238 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03218782
  122. A. Greiner and J. H. Wendorff, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46, 5670 (2007)
  123. T. Subbiah, G. S. Bhat, R. W. Tock, S. Parameswaran, and S. S. Ramkumar, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 96, 557 (2005)
  124. D. Li, Y. Wang, and Y. Xia, Adv. Mater., 16, 361 (2004)
  125. M. Li, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Liu, C. Wang, X. Xu, Y. Tang, and B. Yang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 17, 2650 (2007)
  126. D. Sun, C. Chang, S. Li, and L. Lin, Nano Lett., 6, 839 (2006)
  127. S.-Y. Jang, V. Seshadri, M.-S. Khil, A. Kumar, M. Marquez, P. T. Mather, and G. A. Sotzing, Adv. Mater., 17, 2177 (2005)
  128. Y. H. Jung, H. Y. Kim, D. R. Lee, S. Y. Park, and M. S. Khil, Macromol. Res., 13, 385 (2005)
  129. D. Li, A. Babel, S. A. Jenekhe, and Y. Xia, Adv. Mater., 16, 2062 (2004)
  130. S.-H. Lee, J. W. Yoon, and M. H. Suh, Macromol. Res., 10, 282 (2002)
  131. D.-K. Kim, S. H. Park, B. C. Kim, B. D. Chin, S. M. Ju, and D. Y. Kim, Macromol. Res., 13, 521 (2005)
  132. D. Yang, B. Lu, Y. Zhao, and X. Jiang, Adv. Mater., 19, 3702 (2007)
  133. P. Katta, M. Alessandro, R. D. Ramsier, and G. G. Chase, Nano Lett., 4, 2215 (2004)
  134. Z. Sun, E. Zussman, A. L. Yarin, J. H. Wendorff, and A. Greiner, Adv. Mater., 15, 1929 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200390005
  135. M. Bognitzki, W. Czado, T. Frese, A. Schaper, M. Hellwig, M. Steinhart, A. Greiner, and J. H. Wendorff, Adv. Mater., 13, 70 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200390003
  136. Y. Dror, W. Salalha, R. Avrahami, E. Zussman, A. L. Yarin, R. Dersch, A. Greiner, and J. H. Wendorff, Small, 3, 1064 (2007)
  137. H. Hou, Z. Jun, A. Reuning, A. Schaper, J. H. Wendorff, and A. Greiner, Macromolecules, 35, 2429 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011278u
  138. Y. Zhou, M. Freitag, J. Hone, C. Staii, and A. T. Johnson, N. J. Pinto, and A. G. MacDiarmid, Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 3800 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1590422
  139. C. R. Martin, Chem. Mater., 8, 1739 (1996)
  140. J. C. Hulteen and C. R. Martin, J. Mater. Chem., 7, 1075 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1039/a608608j
  141. S. A. Sapp, D. T. Mitchell, and C. R. Martin, Chem. Mater., 11, 1183 (1999)
  142. M. Lahav, E. A. Weiss, Q. Xu, and G. M. Whitesides, Nano Lett., 6, 2166 (2006)
  143. S. Park, J.-H. Lim, S.-W. Chung, and C. Mirkin, Science, 303, 348 (2004)
  144. J.-P. Lellouche, S. Govindaraji, A. Joseph, J. Jang, and K. J. Lee, Chem. Commun., 4357 (2005)
  145. J. Jang and J. Bae, Adv. Funct. Mater., 15, 1877 (2005)
  146. G. A. O'Brien, A. J. Quinn, D. Iacopino, N. Pauget, and G. Redmond, J. Mater. Chem., 16, 3237 (2006)
  147. K. J. Lee, J. H. Oh, Y. Kim, and J. Jang, Adv. Mater., 18, 2216 (2006)
  148. S. Ko and J. Jang, Biomacromolecules, 8, 1400 (2007)
  149. J. Jang, B. K. Lim, J. Lee, and T. Hyeon, Chem. Commun., 83 (2001)
  150. G. Li, S. Bhosale, T. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, and J.-H. Fuhrhop, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 3818 (2003)
  151. J. Jang and J. Bae, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43, 3803 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390640
  152. J. Jang, J. Bae, and E. Park, Adv. Funct. Mater., 16, 1400 (2006)
  153. J. Jang, M. Chang, and H. Yoon, Adv. Mater., 17, 1616 (2005)
  154. Y. Yan, H. Yang, F. Zhang, B. Tu, and D. Zhao, Small, 2, 517 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.200690003
  155. T. Thurn-Albrecht, J. Schotter, G. A. KSstle, N. Emley, T. Shibauchi, L. Krusin-Elbaum, K. Guarini, C. T. Black, M. T. Tuominen, and T. P. Russell, Science, 290, 2126 (2000)
  156. J. F. Hulvat and S. I. Stupp, Adv. Mater., 16, 589 (2004)
  157. T. Hatano, A.-H. Bae, M. Takeuchi, N. Fujita, K. Kaneko, H. Ihara, M. Takafuji, and S. Shinkai, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43, 465 (2004)
  158. V. Bocharova, A. Kiriy, H. Vinzelberg, I. Msnch, and M. Stamm, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 6391 (2005)
  159. X. Zhang, W. J. Goux, and S. K. Manohar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 4502 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja037954k
  160. X. Zhang and S. K. Manohar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 12714 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja037954k
  161. H. Kong and J. Jang, Chem. Commun., 3010 (2006)
  162. J. Huang and R. B. Kaner, Chem. Commun., 367 (2006)
  163. H. Ding, M. Wan, and Y. Wei, Adv. Mater., 19, 465 (2007)
  164. N. R. Chiou and A. J. Epstein, Adv. Mater., 17, 1679 (2005)
  165. J. Jang, J. Bae, and K. Lee, Polymer, 46, 3677 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.11.004
  166. N.-R. Chiou, C. Lu, J. Guan, L. J. Lee, and A. J. Epstein, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2, 354 (2007)
  167. L. Liang, J. Liu, C. F. Windisch, Jr., G. J. Exarhos, and Y. Lin, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 41, 3665 (2002)
  168. H. D. Tran, K. Shin, W. G. Hong, J. M. D'Arcy, R. W. Kojima, B. H. Weiller, and R. B. Kaner, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 28, 2289 (2007)
  169. R. Dersch, M. Steinhart, U. Boudriot, A. Greiner, and J. H. Wendorff, Polym. Adv. Technol., 16, 276 (2005)
  170. C. R. Martin and P. Kohli, Nat. Rev., 2, 29 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1003
  171. M. R. Abidian, D.-H. Kim, and D. C. Martin, Adv. Mater., 18, 405 (2006)
  172. M. Steinhart, R. B. Wehrspohn, U. Gssele, and J. H. Wendorff, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 43, 1334 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200390640
  173. M. Steinhart, J. H. Wendorff, A. Greiner, R. B. Wehrspohn, K. Nielsch, J. Schilling, J. Choi, and U. Gssele, Science, 296, 1997 (2002)
  174. J. Jang, K. J. Lee, and Y. Kim, Chem. Commun., 3847 (2005)
  175. V. P. Menon, J. Lei, and C. R. Martin, Chem. Mater., 8, 2382 (1996)
  176. M. G. Han, and S. H. Foulger, Chem. Commun., 3092 (2005)
  177. R. Xiao, S. I. Cho, R. Liu, and S. B. Lee, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 4483 (2007)
  178. M. Fu, Y. Zhu, R. Tan, and G. Shi, Adv. Mater., 13, 1874 (2001)
  179. S. Demoustier-Champagne and P.-Y. Stavaux, Chem. Mater., 11, 829 (1999)
  180. Z. Liang, A. S. Susha, A. Yu, and F. Caruso, Adv. Mater., 15, 1849 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200390005
  181. S. Ai, G. Lu, Q. He, and J. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 11140 (2003)
  182. S. Ko and J. Jang Biomacromolecules, 8, 182 (2007)
  183. K. J. Lee, J. H. Oh, Y. Kim, and J. Jang, Chem. Mater., 18, 5002 (2006)
  184. S. Ko and J. Jang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 118, 7726 (2006)
  185. J. Jang, S. Ko, and Y. Kim, Adv. Funct. Mater., 16, 754 (2006)
  186. J. Jang and J. H. Oh, Chem. Commun., 882 (2004)
  187. J. T. McCann, B. Lim, R. Ostermann, M. Rycenga, M. Marquez, and Y. Xia, Nano Lett., 7, 2470 (2007)
  188. J. Jang and H. Yoon, Langmuir, 21, 11484 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1021/la047584t
  189. J. Jang and H. Yoon, Chem. Commun., 720 (2003)
  190. H. Yoon, M. Chang, and J. Jang, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 14074 (2006)
  191. J. Jang and H. Yoon, Adv. Mater., 15, 2088 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200390005
  192. H. Yoon, M. Chang, and J. Jang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 17, 431 (2007)
  193. H. Yoon, J.-Y. Hong, and J. Jang, Small, 3, 1774 (2007)
  194. J. Jang and H. Yoon, Adv. Mater., 16, 799 (2004)
  195. J. Raez, I. Manners, and M. A. Winnik, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 10381 (2002)
  196. S. Stewart and G. Liu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 39, 340 (2000)
  197. X. Yan, G. Liu, and Z. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 10059 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1021/ja037954k
  198. Z. Li and G. Liu, Langmuir, 19, 10480 (2003)
  199. X. Yan, F. Liu, Z. Li, and G. Liu, Macromolecules, 34, 9112 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma002404h
  200. Z. Wei, Z. Zhang, and M. Wan, Langmuir, 18, 917 (2002)
  201. Z. Zhang, Z. Wei, and M. Wan, Macromolecules, 35, 5937 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011278u
  202. K. Huang and M. Wan, Chem. Mater., 14, 3486 (2002)
  203. J. Stejskal, I. Sapurina, M. Trchova, E. N. Konyushenko, and P. Holler, Polymer, 47, 8253 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.031
  204. X. Yang, T. Dai, Z. Zhu, and Y. Lu, Polymer, 48, 4021 (2007)
  205. X. Yang, Z. Zhu, T. Dai, and Y. Lu, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 1736 (2005)
  206. H. P. Hentze and M. Antonietti, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci., 5, 343 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(01)00002-X
  207. B. Krause, K. Diekmann, N. F. A. van der Vegt, M. Wessling, Macromolecules, 35, 1738 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma011278u
  208. B. Krause, H. J. P. Sijbesma, P. MYnYjlu, N. F. A. van der Vegt, and M. Wessling, Macromolecules, 34, 8792 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1021/ma002404h
  209. T. W. Cornelius, P. Y. Apel, B. Schiedt, C. Trautmann, M. E. Toimil-Molares, S. Karim, and R. Neumann, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 265, 553 (2007)
  210. P. Y. Apel, Y. E. Korchev, Z. Siwy, R. Spohr, and M. Yoshida, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 184, 337 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(01)00803-5
  211. O. Cuscito, M.-C. Clochard, S. Esnouf, N. Betz, and D. Lairez, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B, 265, 309 (2007)
  212. A. S. Zalusky, R. Olayo-Valles, J. H. Wolf, and M. A. Hillmyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 12761 (2002)
  213. T. Xu, H.-C. Kim, J. DeRouchey, C. Seney, C. Levesque, P. Martin, C. M. Stafford, and T. P. Russell, Polymer, 42, 9091 (2001)
  214. U. Jeong, D. Y. Ryu, J. K. Kim, D. H. Kim, T. P. Russell, and C. J. Hawker, Adv. Mater., 15, 1247 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200390005
  215. T. Hayakawa, T. Kouketsu, M.-A. Kakimoto, H. Yokoyama, and S. Horiuchi, Macromol. Res., 14, 52 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03219068
  216. J. Jang and J. Bae, Chem. Commun., 1200 (2005)
  217. Y. Meng, D. Gu, F. Zhang, Y. Shi, H. Yang, Z. Li, C. Yu, B. Tu, and D. Zhao, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 7053 (2005)
  218. R. Xing, N. Liu, Y. Liu, H. Wu, Y. Jiang, L. Chen, M. He, and P. Wu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 17, 2455 (2007)
  219. J. Jang, J. Bae, and E. Park, Adv. Mater., 18, 354 (2006)
  220. Y. Meng, D. Gu, F. Zhang, Y. Shi, L. Cheng, D. Feng, Z. Wu, Z. Chen, Y. Wan, A. Stein, and D. Zhao, Chem. Mater., 18, 4447 (2006)
  221. Q. Li, F. Quinn, and F. Caruso, Adv. Mater., 17, 2058 (2005)
  222. H.-K. Lee, H. Lee, Y. H. Ko, Y. J. Chang, N.-K. Oh, W.-C. Zin, and K. Kim, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 40, 2669 (2001)
  223. J. Jang and B. Lim, Adv. Mater., 14, 1390 (2002)
  224. A. B. Fuertes, M. Sevilla, S. clvarez, T. ValdZs-Sol's, and P. Tartaj, Adv. Funct. Mater., 17, 2321 (2007)
  225. S. Polarz and M. Antonietti, Chem. Commun., 2593 (2002)
  226. G. Kim, H. Kim, Y. Ko, and Y. Kwon, Macromol. Res., 13, 499 (2005)
  227. M. Choi, F. Kleietz, D. Liu, H. Y. Lee, W. S. Ahn, and R. Ryoo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 1924 (2005)
  228. C. H. Kim, S. S. Kim, F. Guo, T. P. Hogan, and T. J. Pinnavaia, Adv. Mater., 16, 736 (2004)
  229. M. Choi and R. Ryoo, Nat. Mater., 2, 473 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat778
  230. Y. S. Choi, S. H. Joo, S.-A. Lee, D. J. You, H. Kim, C. Pak, H. Chang, and D. Seung, Macromolecules, 39, 3275 (2006)