Identification of the Anopheles Mosquitoes(Diptera: Culicidae) of Southern Iran Using Analysis of Cuticular Hydrocarbons

  • Rasoolian, Mohammad (Department of Medical Parasitology & Entomology, College of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Sadrai, Javid (Department of Medical Parasitology & Entomology, College of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Nikbakhtzadeh, Mahmood Reza (Department of Medical Parasitology & Entomology, College of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University)
  • Published : 2008.09.30

Abstract

Cuticular hydrocarbons(CHCs) of the epicuticle wax layer are so far used to differentiate the insects in species and subspecies levels. In this study, four species of malaria vectors(genus Anopheles) were collected from various localities in southern Iran. Twenty specimens of each species were randomly selected and one epicuticular extract was prepared of every five specimens. FID-GC profiles of the extracts did not show any qualitative difference. Using significant difference of CHC mass at retention time(RT) 39.6, the two species of An. sacharovi and An. fluviatilis could be distinguished. Similarly, the two species of An. superpictus & An. sacharovi and An. dthali & An. sacharovi were differentiated by their CHC level at RT 28.5. An. sacharovi was distinguished by integratable peaks at RTs 29.7, 30.6, 30.7, 31 and 32.6 while the other three species just indicated trace peaks at the same RTs. Similarly, An. dthali could be known by an integratable peak at RT 26.2 while An. fluviatilis and An. superpictus indicated trace peaks at the same RT. Integratable peaks and traces at RTs 27.4 and 28.5 were respectively used to differentiate An. superpictus from An. fluviatilis. Lastly, CHC trace amount of An. superpictus at RT 39.6 is another indicator to distinguish it from An. fluviatilis with an integratable peak at the same RT. In harmony with other studies worldwide we hereby report that quantitative analysis of CHCs was successfully applied to differentiate the four Anopheles species of southern Iran.

Keywords

References

  1. Anyanwu GI, Molyneux DH, and Phillips A (2000) Variation in cuticular hydrocarbons among strains of the Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons using gas liquid chromatography of larvae. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 95: 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762000000300003
  2. Breman J, Mills A, Snow R, Steketee R, White N, and Mendis K (2005) World Malaria Report: Conquering Malaria in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. WHO, Geneva, pp 1-13.
  3. Caputo B, Danib FR, Hornec GL, Petrarca V, Turillazzi S, Coluzzi M, Priestman AA, and Della Torre A (2005) Identification and composition of cuticular hydrocarbons of the major Afrotropical malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae): analysis of sexual dimorphism and agerelated changes. J Mass Spectrom 40: 1595-1604. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.961
  4. Caputo B, Dani FR, Horne GL, Fale SN, Diabte A, Turillazzi S, Coluzzi M, Costantini C, Priestman AA, Petrarca V, and Della Torre A (2007) Comparative analysis of epicuticular lipid profiles of sympatric and allopatric field population of Anopheles gambiae s.s. molecular forms and Anopheles arabiensis from Burkina Faso (West Africa). Insect Biochem Mol Biol 37: 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.01.002
  5. Carlson DA, Service MW (1979) Differentiation between species of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) by analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 3: 589-592.
  6. Coluzzi M, Sabatini A (1967) Cytogenetic observation on the species a and b of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasitologia 9: 73-88.
  7. Davidson G (1964) The five-mating types in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Rev Malariol 43: 167-183.
  8. Deane LM, Causey OR, and Deane MP (1946) Studies on Brazilian Anophelines from the northeast and Amazon regions. I. An illustrated key by adult female characteristics for the identification of thirty-five species of Anophelini, with notes on the malaria vectors (Diptera, Culicidae). Am J Hyg Monogr Ser 18: 1-20.
  9. Doosti S, Azari-Hamidian S, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, and Hosseini M (2006) Taxonomic differentiation of Anopheles sacharovi and Anopheles maculipennis s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae by seta 2 (Antepalmate hair). Acta Med Iran 44: 21-27.
  10. Dow RP (1953) Notes on Iranian mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2: 683-695. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1953.2.683
  11. Edrissian GH (2002) Malaria history and status in Iran. J Sch Pub Health Ins Pub Health Res 1: 50-61.
  12. Gale KR, Crampton JM (1987) DNA probes for species identification of mosquitoes in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Med Vet Entomol 1: 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1987.tb00333.x
  13. Gibbs AG (1998) Water-proofing properties of cuticular lipids. Am Zool 38: 471-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/38.3.471
  14. Hamilton RJ, Service MW (1983) Value of cuticular and internal hydrocarbons for the identification of larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles, Anopheles arabiensis Patton, and Anopheles melas Theobald. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 77: 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.1983.11811698
  15. Howard RW (1993) Cuticular hydrocarbons and chemical communication. In: Stanley-Samuelson DW, Nelson DR (eds.), Insect Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, pp. 179- 226.
  16. Howard RW, Blomquist GJ (2005) Ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of insect hydrocarbons. Ann Rev Entomol 50: 371-93. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130359
  17. Kittayapong P, Clark JM, Edman JD, Lavine VJ, Marion R, and Brooks M (1993) Survey of the Anopheles maculatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in peninsular Malaysia by analysis of cuticular lipids. J Med Entomol 30: 969-974. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/30.6.969
  18. Mahon RJ, Green CA, and Hunt RH (1976) Diagnostic isoenzymes for routine identification of adults of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res 68: 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300007173
  19. Manoucheri AV, Javadian E, Eshghi N, and Motabar M (1976) Ecology of Anopheles stephensi Liston in southern Iran. Trop Geog Med 28: 224-227.
  20. Marchand RP (1984) Field observations on swarming and mating in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in Tanzania. Neth J Zool 34: 367-387. https://doi.org/10.1163/002829684X00209
  21. Miles SJ (1978) Enzyme variation in the Anopheles gambiae group of species (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull Entomol Res. 68: 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300007173
  22. Milligan PJM, Phillips A, Molyneux DH, Subbarao SK, and White GB (1986) Differentiation of Anopheles culicifacies Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) sibling species by analysis of cuticular components. Bull Entomol Res 76: 529-537. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300015017
  23. Nikbakhtadeh MR, Rasoolian M and Sadrai J (2008) A Comparison on the Cuticular Hydrocarbons of the Vector of Malaria (Anopheles dthali) and a Non-Vector Species (Anopheles claviger) in Fars Province, Iran. In: The 18th Iranian Congress of Plant Protection, Hamedan, Iran, pp. 495.
  24. Phillips A, Milligan PJM, Coluzzi M, Toure Y, Broomfield G and Molyneux DH (1987) Studies of the chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae s.str. and Anopheles arabiensis using cuticular hydrocarbons. In: The 3rd International Conference on Malaria and Babesiosis, Annecy, France, pp. 164.
  25. Phillips A, Sabatini A, Milligan PJM, Boccolini D, Broomfield G, and Molyneux DH (1990) The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae): comparison of the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles determined in adults of five palaeartic species. Bull Entomol Res 80: 459-464. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300050720
  26. Ramsdale CD, Leport GH (1967) Studies of Anopheles gambiae complex in West Africa. Bull WHO 36: 494-500.
  27. Sedaghat MM, Linton YM, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, and Harbach RE (2003) The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran: molecular characterization and recognition of a new species. Bull Entomol Res 93: 527-535.
  28. Shahgudian ER (1960) A key to the Anophelines of Iran. Acta Med Iran 3: 38-48.
  29. White GB (1977) The place of morphological studies in the investigation of Anopheles species complexes. Mosq Syst 9: 1-24.
  30. White GB (1978) Systematic reappraisal of Anopheles maculipennis complex. Mosq Syst 10: 13-44.
  31. Zaim M, Subbarao SK, Manouchehri AV, and Cochrane AH (1993) Role of Anopheles culicifacies s.l. and An. pulcherrimus in malaria transmission in Ghassreghand (Baluchistan), Iran. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 9: 23-26.