Advances in Traditional Medicine

Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center (경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Immunity and asthma: friend or foe?

  • Published : 2008.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Immunity is responsible for the defense mechanism of the body but in case of autoimmune diseases, its role gets diverted. Like so many other diseases, asthma is also considered as one of the most common autoimmune diseases to be occurring in community. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disease that is characterized by airway hyper reactivity and mucus hypersecretion that result in intermittent airway obstruction. The incidence of allergic asthma has almost doubled in the past two decades. Although, precise causative mechanism of asthma is unknown, but several mechanisms have been proposed that is immunological, pharmacological and genetic mechanisms, and airway and neurogenic inflammation. The inflammatory process observed in the asthmatic patients is the final result of a complex network of interactions between various immunological cell lineages, its mediators and secreted substances. Thus, among the mechanisms proposed, the immunological one plays a key role. Through this article, we have tried to provide some insight into immunological mechanisms in pathogenesis of asthma.

Keywords

References

  1. Akbari O, Stock P, DeKruygg RH, Umetsu DT. (2003) Mucosal tolerance and immunity regulating the development of allergic disease and asthma. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 130, 108-118 https://doi.org/10.1159/000069012
  2. Alen LM. (2001) The etiologies, pathophysiology and, altenative/complimentary treatment of asthma. Altern. Med. Rev. 6, 20-47
  3. Arm JP, Lee TH. (1993) Sulphidopeptide leukotrienes in asthma. Clin. Sci. 84, 501-510
  4. Azzawi M, Bradley R, Jaffery PK, Frew AJ, Wardlaw AJ, Knowles G, Assoufi B, Collins JV, Durham S, Kay AB. (1990) Identification of activated T lymphocytes and eosinophils in bronchial biopsies in stable atopic asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142, 1407-1413
  5. Baenes PJ. (1989) New concepts in the pathogenesis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 83, 1013-1026 https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(89)90441-7
  6. Barne PJ, Liew FY. (1995) Nitric oxide and asthmatic inflammation. Immunol. Today 16, 128-130 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(95)80128-6
  7. Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. (1993) Anti-inflammatory actions of steroids: molecular mechanisms. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 4, 436-441 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(93)90184-L
  8. Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. (1998) Transcription factors and asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 12, 221-234 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.12010221
  9. Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Page CP. (1988) Inflammatory mediators and asthma. Pharmacol. Rev. 40, 49-84
  10. Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Page CP. (1988) Plateletactivating factor as a mediator of allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 81, 919-934 https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(88)90952-9
  11. Barnes PJ, Karin M. (1997) NF-Kappa B: pivotal role in chronic inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 1066-1071
  12. Barnes PJ. (1992) New aspects of asthma. J. Intern. Med. 231, 453-461
  13. Barnes PJ. (1994) Cytokines as mediators of chronic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150, S42-S49
  14. Barnes PJ. (1995) Nitric oxide and airway disease. Ann. Med. 27, 91-97 https://doi.org/10.3109/07853899509002592
  15. Berin MC. (2002) The role of TARC in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Drug News Perspect. 15, 10-16 https://doi.org/10.1358/dnp.2002.15.1.660501
  16. Berkman N, Krishman VL, Glibey T, Newton R, O'Connor B, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. (1996) Expression of RANTES mRNA and protein in airways of patients with mild asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154, 1804-1811
  17. Bernes PJ. (1994) Endothelin and pulmonary diseases. J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 1051-1059
  18. Bethesda, MD, US. Department of Health and Human Services. NHLB1, National Asthma Education Program, Expert Panel Report. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of asthma. Publication No. 91-3042
  19. Bochner BS. (1997) Cellular adhesion and its antagonism. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 100, 581-585 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70158-1
  20. Brightling CE, Bradding P, Symon FA, Holgate St, Wardlaw AJ, Pavord ID. (2002) Mast-cell infilteration of airway smooth muscle in asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1699-1705 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012705
  21. Carroll NG, Mutavdzic S, James AL. (2002) Distribution and degranulation of airway mast cells in normal and asthmatic subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 19, 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00275802
  22. Chung KF, Barnes PJ. (1999) Cytokines in asthma. Thorax 54, 825-857
  23. Clark JM, Abraham WM, Fishman CE, Forteza R, Ahmed A, Cortes A, Warne RL, Moore WR, Tanaka RD. (1995) Tryptase inhibitors block allergeninduced airway and inflammatory responses in allergic sheep. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152, 2076-2083
  24. Corrigon CJ. (1994) Immunological aspects of asthma: Implications for future treatment. Clin. Immuno. Ther. 1, 31-42
  25. Devalia JL, Davies RJ. (1993) Airway epithelial cells and mediators of inflammation. Respir. Med. 6, 405-408 https://doi.org/10.1016/0954-6111(93)90064-7
  26. Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. (1981) The asthma syndrome: inciters, inducers and host characteristics. Thorax 36, 641-643
  27. Doockson W. (1999) The alliance of genes and environment in asthma and allergy. Nature 402, 259-260
  28. Drummond N, Abdalla M, Buckiggham JK. (1994) Integrated care for asthma: A clinical, social and economic evaluation: Grampian asthma study of integrated care (GRASSIC). Br. Med. J. 308, 559-571
  29. Editorial. (1991) Bronchial inflammation and asthma treatment. Lancet 337, 82-83
  30. Fireman P. (2003) Understanding asthma pathophysiology. Allergy Asthma Proc. 24, 79-83
  31. Fostar PS, Hogan SP, Ramsay AJ, Matthaei KI, Young IG. (1996) IL-5 deficiency abolishes eosinophilia, airway hyperreactivity and lung damage in mouse asthma model. J. Exp. Med. 183, 195-201 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.1.195
  32. Galli SJ. (1997) Complexity and rebundancy in pathophysiology of asthma: reassessing the role of mast cells and T cells. J. Exp. Med. 186, 343-347 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.186.3.343
  33. Gioannini TL, Teghanemt A, Zarember KA, Weiss JP. (2003) Regulations of interactions of endotoxins with host cells. J. Endotoxin Res. 9, 401-408
  34. Gleich GJ. (1990) The eosinophil and bronchial asthma: Current understanding. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 85, 422-436 https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(90)90151-S
  35. Haley KJ, Sunday ME, Wiggs BR, Kozakewich HP, Reilly JJ, Mentzer SJ, Sugarbaker DJ, Doerschuk CM, Drazen JM. (1998) Inflammatory cell distribution within and along asthmatic airways.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158, 565-572
  36. Halonen M, Stern DA, Lohman C, Wright AL, Brown MA, Martinez ED. (1997) Two subphenotypes of childhood asthma that differ in maternal and paternal influences on asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160, 564-570
  37. Hamid Q, Azzawi M, Ying S, Moqbel R, Wardlaw AJ, Corrigan CJ, Bradley B, Durham SR, Collins JV, Jeffery PK. (1991) Expression of mRNA for interleukin-5 in mucosal bronchial biopsies from asthma. J. Clin. Invest. 87, 1541-1549 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115166
  38. Hamid Q, Springall DR, Riveros-Moreno V, Chanez P, Howarth P, Redington A, Bousquet J, Godard P, Holgate S, Polak JM. (1993) Induction of nitric oxide synthase in asthma. Lancet 342, 1510-1513 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)80083-2
  39. Hamid QA, Minshall EM. (2000) Molecular pathology of allergic disease. 1. Lower airway disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105, 20-36 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90172-6
  40. Hartnell A, Robinson DS, Kay AB, Wardlaw AJ. (1993) CD69 is expressed by human eosinophils activated in vivo in asthma and in vitro by cytokines. Immunology 80, 281-286
  41. Heine H, Lien E. (2003) Toll-Like Receptors and their function in innate and adaptive immunity. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 130, 180-192 https://doi.org/10.1159/000069517
  42. Hill M, Szefler SJ, Larson GL. (1992) Asthma pathogenesis and the implications for therapy in children. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 39, 1205-1223
  43. Holgate ST, Bondey KS, Janezic A, Frew AJ, Kalpan AP, Teran LM. (1997) Release of RANTES, KIP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 into asthmatic airway following endobronchial allergen challenge. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156, 1377-1383
  44. Holtzman MJ, Sampath D, Castro M, Look DC, Jayraman S. (1996) The one-two of T helper cells: does interferon $\tilde{a}$ knockout the $Th_2$ hypothesis for asthma? Am. J. Respir. cell mol. Boil. 14, 316-318
  45. Kassel O, Schmidlin F, Duvernelle C, Gasser B, Masard G, Frossard N. (1999) Human bronchial smooth muscle cells in culture produce stem cell factor. Eur. Respir. J. 13, 951-954 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13e04.x
  46. Kharitonov SA, Yates D, Robbins RA, Logan-Sinclair R, Shinebourne E, Bernes PJ. (1994) Increased nitric oxide in exhaled air of asthmatic patients. Lancet 343, 133-135 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90931-8
  47. King TE. (1999) A New Look at the Pathophysiology of Asthma. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 91, 9S-15S
  48. Ohnishi T, Kita H, Weiler D, Sur S, Sedgwick JB, Calhoun WJ, Busse WW, Abrams JS, Gleich GJ. (1993) IL-5 is the predominant eosinophil-active cytokine in the antigen-induced pulmonary latephase reaction. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, 901-907
  49. Kraft M, Djukanovic R, Wilson S, Holgate ST, Martin RJ. (1996) Alveolar tissue inflammation in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154, 1505-1510
  50. Kuitert LM, Angus RM, Barnes NC, Barnes PJ, Bone MF, Chung KF, Fairfax AJ, Higenbotham TW, O'Connor BJ, Piotrowska B. (1995) The effect of a novel potent PAF antagonist, modipafant, in chronic asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151, 1331-1335
  51. Larsen GL. (1992) Asthma in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 326, 1540-1545
  52. Lee TM, Lane SJ. (1992) The role of macrophages in the mechanisms of airway inflammation in asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145, S27-30
  53. Luster AD. (1998) Chemokines- chemoactive cytokines that mediate inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 338, 436-445 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199802123380706
  54. Manning PJ, Watson RM, Margolskee, Williams VC, Schwartz JI, O'Byrne PM. (1990) Inhibition of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by MK-571, a potent lekotriene $D_4$-receptor antagonist. N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 1736-1739
  55. Martin RJ. (1993) Noctural asthma: Mechanisms and treatment. Futura Publishing Co., Mount Cisco, New York
  56. Mcfadden ER Jr. (2003) Diseases of the respiratory system. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, vol. 2, $15^{th}$ edition, 1456-1463
  57. Morgan WJ, Martinez FD. (1992) Risk factors for developing wheezing and asthma in childhood. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 39, 1185-1203
  58. Nagata M, Sedgwick JB, Bates ME, Kita H, Busse WW. (1995) Eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 activates superoxide anion generation. J. Immunol. 155, 2194-2202
  59. Nakamura Y, Ghaffar O, Olivenstein R, Taha RA, Soussi-Gounni A, Zhang DH, Ray A, Hamid Q. (1999) Gene expression of the GATA-3 transcription factor is increased in atopic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103, 215-222 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70493-8
  60. Nickel R, Beck LA, Stellato C, Schleimer RP. (1999) Chemokines and allergic disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104, 723-742 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70281-2
  61. Corry DB, Folkesson HG, Warnock ML, Erle DJ, Matthay MA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Locksley RM. (1996) Inteleukin-4, but not inteleukin-5 or eosinophils is required in murine model of acute airway hyperreactivity. J. Exp. Med. 183, 109-117 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.183.1.109
  62. Pieter SH, Robert B. (2004) Innate host defense of the respiratory epithelium. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 3-4
  63. Pilewski JM, Albelda SM. (1995) Cell adhesion molecules in asthma: homing, activation and airway remodeling. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12, 1-3
  64. Prescott SL, Macaubas C, Holt BJ, Smallacombe TB, Loh R, Sly PD, Holt PG. (1998) Transplacental priming of the human immune system to environmental allergens: universal skewing of initial T cell responses toward the Th2 cytokine profile. J. Immunol. 160, 4730-4737
  65. Randolph DA, Carruthers CJL, Szabo SJ, Morphy KM, Chaplin DD. (1999) Modulaton of airway inflammation by passive transfer of antigen specific Th1 and Th2 cells in mouse model of asthma. J. Immunol 162, 2375-2383
  66. Robbins RA, Barnes PJ, Springall DR, Warren JB, Kwon OJ, Buttery LD, Wilson AJ, Geller DA, Polak JM. (1994) Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203, 209-218 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.2169
  67. Sad S, Marcotte R, Mosmann TR. (1995) Cytokine-induced differentiation of precursor mouse $CD8^+$ T cells into cytotoxic $CD8^+$ T cells secreting Th1 or Th2 cytokines. Immunity 2, 271-279 https://doi.org/10.1016/1074-7613(95)90051-9
  68. Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Kopf M. (2003) The Il-1 receptor is critical for Th2 cell type airway immune responses in a mild but not in a severe asthma model. Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 991-1000 https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200323801
  69. Sedgwick JB, Calhoun WJ, Gleich GJ, Kita H, Abrams JS, Schwartz LB, Volovitz B, Ben-Yaakov M, Busse WW. (1991) Immediate and late airway response of allergic rhinitis patients to segmental antigen challenge: characterization of eosinophil and mast cell mediators. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144, 1274-1281
  70. Serafin WE. (2001) Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In: Goodman & Gillman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, $10^{th}$ edition, 659-682
  71. Shi HZ, Xiago CQ, Zhong D et al. (1998) Effect of inhaled IL-5 on airway hyperreativity and eosinophilia in asthmatics. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157, 204-209
  72. Siebenlist U, Franzuso G, Brown R. (1994) Structure, Regulation and Function of NF-kappaB. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10, 405-408 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.10.110194.002201
  73. Spector SL, Smith LJ, Glass M. (1994) Effects of six weeks of therapy with oral doses of ICI204,219, a leukotriene $D_4$ receptor antagonist in subject with bronchial asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150, 1142-1148
  74. Spence DP, Johnston SL, Calverley PM, Dhillon P, Higgins C, Ramhamadany E, Turner S, Winning A, Winter J, Holgate ST. (1994) The effect of the orally active platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086 in the treatment of asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149, 1142-1148
  75. Spiteri MA, Knight RA, Jeremy JY, Baenes PJ, Chung KF. (1994) Alveolar macrophage-induced suppression of peripheral blood mononuclear cell responsiveness is reversed by in vitro allergen exposure in bronchial asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 7, 1431-1438 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07081431
  76. Springall DR, Howarth PH, Counihan H, Djukanovic R, Holgate ST, Polak JM. (1991) Endothelin immunoreactivity of airway epithelium in asthmatic patients. Lancet 337, 697-701 https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90279-X
  77. Stempel DA, Szefler SJ. (1992) Management of chronic asthma. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 39, 1293-1310
  78. Tang MLK, Kemp AS, Thorburn J, Hill DJ. (1994) Reduced interferon gamma secretions in neonates and subsequent atopy. Lancet 344, 983-985 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91641-1
  79. Taylor IK, O'Shaughnessy KM, Fuller RW, Dollery CT. (1991) Effect of cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist ICI204, 219 on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and airway hyperactivity in atopic subjects. Lancet 337, 690-694 https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)90277-V
  80. Thomas PS, Yates DH, Barnes PJ. (1995) Tumor necrosis factor- a increase airway responsiveness and sputum neutrophils in normal human subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152, 76-80
  81. Thorne PS, Heederik D. (1999) Indoor bioaerosolssources and characteristics. In: Salthammer T., editor Organic indoor air pollutants - Occurrence, measurement, evaluation. WILEY-VCH; Weinheim, Germany: pp. 275-288 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527613663.ch20
  82. Tobias PS, Tapping RI, Gegner JA. (1999) Endotoxin interactions with Lipopolysaccharide-responsive cells. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28, 476-481 https://doi.org/10.1086/515163
  83. Umetsu DI, Mchtise JJ, Akbari O, Macaubas O, DeKnuyll HH. (2002) Asthma: an epidemic of disregulated immunity. Nat. Immunol. 3, 716-720 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni0802-715
  84. Vignola AM, Chanez P, Campbell AM, Souques F, Lebel B, Enander I, Bousquet J. (1998) Airway inflammation in mild intermittent and in present asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157, 403-409
  85. Wardlaw AJ. (1999) Molecular basis for selective eosinophil trafficking in asthma: a multistep paradigm. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104, 917-926 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70069-2
  86. Weiss ST. (2002) Eat dirt- The hygiene hypothesis and allergic diseases. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 930-931 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe020092
  87. William W, Busse MD, Robert F, Lemanske MD. (2001) Asthma, Advances in Immunology. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 350-362
  88. Yamamoto H, Sedgwick JB, Busse WW. (1998) Differential regulation of eosinophil adhesion and transmigration by pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 161, 971-977
  89. Ying S, Robinson DS, Meng Q, Rottman J, Kennedy R, Ringler DJ, Mackay CR, Daugherty BL, Springer MS, Durham SR, Williams TJ, Kay AB. (1997) Enhanced expression of eotoxin and CCR3 mRNA and protein in atopic asthma: association with airway hyperresponsiveness and predominant colocalization of eatoxin mRNA to bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3507-3516 https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.1830271252