References
- Palada, M. C. and S. M. A. Crossman (1999), Evaluation of tropical leaf vegetables in the Virgin Islands, In: Janick, J. (Ed.), Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria. 338-393
- Wong, K. Y. (1994), Chinese Herbal Medicine, Wokman Press, Hong Kong
- Xu, G. J., Zi Ji Guan, Hua Ji Guan, and Miao Ji Guan (1996), Encyclopedia of Chinese Medicine, China Medicine Sci. Technol., Beijing. 2, 509-511
- Medical plants of Korea, www.medicalplant.org
- Wehmer, C. (1929), Die Pflanzenstoffe, 2nd Edition, Fischer Verlag, Jena. 1, 299
- Piattelli, M. and G. Impellizzeri (1970), 2-Descarboxybetanidin, a minor betacyanin from Carpobrotus acinaciformis, Phytochemistry 9, 2553-2556 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85776-3
- Minale, L., M. Piattelli, S. De Stefano, and R. A. Nicolaus (1966), Pigments of centrospermae-VI. acylated betacyanins, Phytochemistry 5, 1037-1052 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86098-7
- Nam, H. K. and G. H. Rho (1988), Composition of fatty acid and amino acid in water extracted material Cockscomb plant root, J. Korea Soc. Food Nutr. 17(2), 172-175
- Nobuhiro Sasaki, Yutaka Abe, Katsuhiro Wada, Takatoshi Koda, Yukihiro Goda, Taiji Adachi, and Yoshihiro Ozeki (2005), Amaranthin in feather cockscombs is synthesized via glucuronylation at the cyclo-DOPA glucoside step in the betacyanin biosynthetic pathway, Journal of Plant Research
- Yaolin Wen, Md. Tofazzal Islam, and Satoshi Tahata. (2006), Phenolic constituents of celosia cristata L. susceptible to spinach root rot Pathogen Aphanomyces cochlioides, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2567-2570
- Ahn, D. K. (1988), Illustrated book of korea medicinal herbs. Kyohak Publishing Co., Seoul, Korea. p309
- Takamasa Ohno, Inoue Makoto, Ogihara Yukio, and Saracoglu Iclal (2002), Atimetastatic activity of acteoside, a phenylethanoid glycoside, Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25(5), 666-668 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.666
- Begam M., S. Narwal, S. Roy, S. Kumar, M. L. Lodha, and H. C. Kapoor (2006), An antivivral protein having deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease activity from leaves of the post-flowering stage of Celosia cristata, Biochemical. 1, 44-48
- Kim Jeung-Hoan, So-Jung Yoon, Kyoung-Hwan Lee, Hyo-Jung Kwon, Sung-Sook Chun, Tae-Wan Kim, and Young-Je Cho (2005) Screening of biological activities of the extracts from Bisil (Ocimum basilicum L.), J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem. 48(2), 173-177
- Rhu, I. S. (2006), A study of dermal bioactive properties of the ethanol extract from flowers of Lespedeza bicolor, Ph. D. Dissertation, Dept. of Oriental medical, Wonkwang University, Seoul
- Fantone J. C. and P. A. Ward (1982), Role of oxygen derived free radicals and metabolites in leukocyte dependent inflammatory reaction, Ann. J. Path. 107, 397
- Scharffetter-Kochanek K. (1997), Photoaging of the connective tissue of skin: its prevention and therapy, antioxidants in disease mechanism and therapy, ed. H. Sies. 38, 639
- Andreadou I, F. Sigala, E. K. lliodromitis, M. Papaefthimiou, C. Sigala, N. Aligiannis, P. Savvari, V. Gorgoulis, E. Papalabros, and D. Kremastinos (2007), Acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is successfully treated with the phytochemical oleuropein through suppression of oxidative and nitrosative stress, J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 42, 549-558 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.11.016
- Perez G. R. M., S. R. Vargas, M. F. J. Martinez, and R. II. Cordova (2004), Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-3,6,4'-trimethoxy flavone from Brickellia veronicaefolia, Phytotherapy research. 18, 428-430 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1445
- Nomura K, H. Imai, T. Koumura, M. Arai, and Y. Nakagawa (1999), Mitochondrial phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase suppresses apoptosis mediated by a mitochondrial death pathway, The Journal of biological chemistry. 274, 29294-29302 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.41.29294
-
Huang H. M., H. Zhang, H. C. Ou, H. L. Chen, G. E. Gibson (2004), Alpha-Keto-beta-methyl-n-valeric acid diminishes reactive oxygen species and alters endoplasmic reticulum
$Ca^{2+}$ stores, Free radical biology & medicine. 37, 1779-1789 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.08.001 - Jacob C, G. E. Arteel, T. Kanda, L. Engman, and H. Sies (2000), Water-soluble organotellurium compounds:catalytic protection against peroxynitrite and release of zinc from metallothionein, Chemical research in toxicology. 13, 3-9 https://doi.org/10.1021/tx990156g
- Kim Y. S., Y. K. Noh, G. I. Lee, and Y. K. Kim (1995), Inhibitory effects of herbal medicines on hyaluronidase activity, Korea Journal of Pharmacology. 26, 265-272
- Kim Seung Hun, Gae Won Nam, Byung Young Kang, Hae Kwang Lee, Seong Joon Moon, and Ih Seop Chang. (2005), The effect of kaempferol, quercetin on hyaluronan-synthesis stimulation in human keratinocytes (HaCaT), J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea. 31, 97-102
- Choi, H. S. (1994), Peroxide and nutrition of lipids, J. Kor. Soc. Food Nutr. 23, 867-878
- Lim, S. Y., J. Y. Lee, C. S. Lee, Y. J. Jang, J. W. Park, and S. Yoon (2007), Antioxidant and cell proliferation effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cell line, Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 6, 694-700
- Choi, C. H., E. S. Song, J. S. Kim, and M. H. Kang (2003), Antioxidative activites of Castanea crenata Flos. methanol extracts, Korean J. Food Sci. Technol.. 35, 1216-1220
-
Jorge, A. P., H. Horst, E. D. Sousa, M. G. Pizzolatti, and F. R. M. B. Silva (2004), Insulinomimetic effects of kaempferitin on glycaemia and on
$^{14}$ C-glucose uptake in rat soleus muscle. Chem. Biol. Interaction 149, 89-96 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2004.07.001 -
Eliandra de Sousa, Leila Zanatta, Ilana Seifriz, Tania Beatriz creczynski-Pasa, Moacir Geraldo Pizzolatti, Bruno Szpoganicz, and Fatima Regina Mena Barreto Silva (2004), Hypoglycemic Effect and Antioxidant Potential of Kaempferol-3,7-O-(
${\alpha}$ )-dirhamnoside from Bauhinia forficata Leaves, J. Nat. Prod. 67, 829-832 https://doi.org/10.1021/np030513u - Francis F. J. (1999), Anthocyanins and betalains, In Colorants. francis FJ, ed, Eagan Press, St, Paul, MN. pp55-66
- Escribano J, M. A. Pedreno, C. F. Garcia, and R. Munoz (1998), Characterization of the antiradical activity of betalains from Beta vulgaris L. root, Phytochem Anal. 9, 124-127 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199805/06)9:3<124::AID-PCA401>3.0.CO;2-0
- Kanner K., S. Harel, and R. Granit (2001), Betalains-A new class of dietary cationized antioxidants, J. Agric Food Chem. 49, 5178-5185 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf010456f
- Yizhong C, S. Mei, and C. Harold (2003), Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the amaranthaceae, J. Agric Food Chem. 51, 2288-2294 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030045u
- Lee, B. H., B. W. Choi, J. H. Chun, and B. S. Yu. (1996), Extraction of water soluble antioxidants from seaweeds, J. Korean Ind. & Eng. Chemistry 7(6), 1066-1077
- KoguKuchi, N. (1999), Protocol for free radical experimant, suiyoonsa, Japan. 40-45
- Cortran R. S., V. Kumar, and T. Collins (1999), Pathologic basis of disease, 6th ed., pp50-112, W. B. Saunders Company
- Cho Y.J., M. S. Seo, J. K. Kim, Y. Lim, G. Chae, K. S. Ha, and K. H. Lee (1999), Silica-induced generation of reactive oxygen species in Rat2 fibroblast: role in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Biochemical and biophysical research communication. 262, 708-712 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.1274
- Kuo W. N., R. N. Kanadia, and V. P. Shanbhag (1999), Denitration of peroxynitrite-treated proteins by "protein nitratases" from dog prostate, Biochemistry and molecular biology international. 47, 1061-1067
- Si Chuan-Ling, Jin-Kyu Kim, Dong-Joo Kwon, and Young-Soo Bae (2006), Phenolic Compounds from the Fruits of Paulownia coreana Uyeki, Mokchae Konghak. 34(1), 79-85
- Gabriela Sepulveda-Jimenez, Patricia Rueda-Benitez, Helena Porta, and Mario Rocha-Sosa (2004), Betacyanin synthesis in red beet (Beta vulgaris) leaves induced by wounding and bacterial infiltration is preceded by an oxidative burst, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 64, 125-133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.08.003
- Moon, H. L., S. H. Lyu, J. H. Roh, and O. P. Zee (2000), Antioxidative compounds of Antioxidative compounds of Achillea sibirica Ledeb, Kor. J. Med. Crop Sci. 8, 1-8
- Meyer, K. (1947), The biological significance of hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase, Physiol. Rev. 27, 335-359 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1947.27.3.335
- Kakegawa. H., H. Matsumoto, and T. Satoh (1985), Avtivation of hyaluronidase by metallicsalts and compound 48/80, and inhibitory effect of anti-allergic agents on hyaluronidase, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33, 642-646 https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.33.642
- Golberg, R. L., J. P. Huff, M. E. Lenz, P. Glickman, R. Katz, and E. J. M. A. Thonar. (1991), Elevated plasma levels of hyaluronate in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, Arth. Rhem. 34, 799-807 https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780340704
- Ghosh, P. (1994), The role of hyaluronic acid(hyaluronan) in health and disease:interactions with cells, cartilage and components of synovial fluids, Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 12, 82-85
- Kim S. H., G. W. Nam, B. Y. Kang, H. K. Lee, S. J. Moon, and I. S. Chang (2005), The effect of kaempferol, quercetin on hyaluronan synthesis stimulation in human keratinocytes (HaCaT), J. Soc. comet Scientists Korea. 33(1), 97-102
- Kuppusamy U. R., H. E. Khoo, and N. P. Das (1990), Structureactivity studies of flavonoids as inhibitors of hyaluronidase, Biochemical Pharmacology. 40, 397-401 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(90)90709-T
- Wiedow O. J., M. Schroder, and E. Christophers (1990), Elafin: An elastase specific inhibition of human skin, J. Biol. Chem. 265(25), 14791-14801
- Mokawa G., Y. Takema, Y. Yorimoto, K. Tsukahara, M. Kawai, and S. Imayama (1995), Degree of ultraviolet-induced tortuosity of elastic fibers in rat skin is age dependent, The Journal of investigative dermatology 105, 254-258 https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12317607
- Yang Hee Jung, Bo Ryoung Won, Young Jin Lim, Sun Kyeong Yoon, Dong Hwan Ji, Jee Yeon Choi, Seung Joo Han, Chung Woo Lee, and Soo Nam Park (2007), Antioxidative Activity, Component Analysis, and Anti-elastase Effect of Aspalathus linearis Extract, J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea. 4, 251-262
- Lee S. Y., J. H. An, and H. Y. Cho (2003), Isolation and characterization of MMP-1 inhibitor peptide from Crataegus pinnatifida bunge in fibroblast cell line HS68 cells, J. Kor. Soc. Agric. Chem. Biotechno. 46(1), 60-65
- Lee K. K. and J. D. Choi (1986), Inactivation of spinach glycolat oxidase by arginine-specific reagent, Kor. Biochem. J. 119(1), 86-92
- Fleischmajor R., J. S. Perlish, and R. I. Bashey (1972), Human dermal glucosaminoglycans and aging, Bio chem. Biophys. Acta, 279(2), 265 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(72)90142-0