The Korean Journal of Pain

The Korean Pain Society (대한통증학회)
권호 표지

Superior Cervical Sympathetic Ganglion Block may not Influence Early Brain Damage Induced by Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

상경부교감신경절블록은 백서의 영구국소뇌허혈에서 초기의 뇌손상에는 영향을 미치지 못한다

  • Kim, Hyun Hae (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan Univercity College of Medicine) ;
  • Leem, Jeong Gill (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan Univercity College of Medicine) ;
  • Shin, Jin Woo (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan Univercity College of Medicine) ;
  • Shim, Ji Yeon (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan Univercity College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Dong Myung (Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Ulsan Univercity College of Medicine)
  • 김현혜 (울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 마취통증의학과) ;
  • 임정길 (울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 마취통증의학과) ;
  • 신진우 (울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 마취통증의학과) ;
  • 심지연 (울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 마취통증의학과) ;
  • 이동명 (울산대학교 의과대학 서울아산병원 마취통증의학과)
  • Received : 2008.01.15
  • Accepted : 2008.02.05
  • Published : 2008.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Cerebral blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block in rats subjected to permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Methods: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats (270-320 g) were randomly assigned to one of three groups (control, lidocaine and ropivacaine). A brain injury was induced in all rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion with a nylon thread. The animals of the local anesthetic group received $30{\mu}l$ of 2% lidocaine or 0.75% ropivacaine in the SCG. Neurologic scores were assessed 24 hours after brain injury. Brain samples were then collected. The infarct and edema ratios were measured by 2.3.5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Results: There were no differences in the death rates, neurologic scores, or infarction and edema ratios between the three groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block may not influence the brain damage induced by permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Keywords

References

  1. Mohr JP, Caplan LR, Melski JW, Goldstein RJ, Duncan GW, Kistler JP, et al: The Harvard Cooperative Stroke Registry: a prospective registry. Neurology 1978; 28: 754-62 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.28.8.754
  2. Mattson MP, Culmsee C, Yu ZF: Apoptotic and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in stroke. Cell Tissue Res 2000; 301: 173-87 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004419900154
  3. Wang C, Zhang D, Ma H, Liu J: Neuroprotective effects of emodin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside in vivo and in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 577: 58-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.033
  4. Rami A, Agarwal R, Spahn A: Synergetic effects of caspase 3 and mu-calpain in XIAP-breakdown upon focal cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Res 2007; 32: 2072-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-007-9361-6
  5. Lukic-Panin V, Kamiya T, Zhang H, Hayashi T, Tsuchiya A, Sehara Y, et al: Prevention of neuronal damage by calcium channel blockers with antioxidative effects after transient focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2007; 1176: 143-50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.07.038
  6. Amantea D, Spagnuolo P, Bari M, Fezza F, Mazzei C, Tassorelli C, et al: Modulation of the endocannabinoid system by focal brain ischemia in the rat is involved in neuroprotection afforded by 17beta-estradiol. FEBS J 2007; 274: 4464-75 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05975.x
  7. White BC, Sullivan JM, DeGracia DJ, O'Neil BJ, Neumar RW, Grossman LI, et al: Brain ischemia and reperfusion: molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury. J Neurol Sci 2000; 179: 1-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(00)00386-5
  8. Piantadosi CA, Zhang J: Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species after brain ischemia in the rat. Stroke 1996; 27: 327-31 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.27.2.327
  9. Goyagi T, Kimura T, Nishikawa T, Tobe Y, Masaki Y: Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists attenuate brain injury after transient focal ischemia in rats. Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 658-63 https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000228859.95126.69
  10. Culmsee C, Junker V, Kremers W, Thal S, Plesnila N, Krieglstein J: Combination therapy in ischemic stroke: synergistic neuroprotective effects of memantine and clenbuterol. Stroke 2004; 35: 1197-202 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000125855.17686.6d
  11. Kuhmonen J, Haapalinna A, Sivenius J: Effects of dexmedetomidine after transient and permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Neural Transm 2001; 108: 261-71 https://doi.org/10.1007/s007020170071
  12. Antier D, Franconi F, Sannajust F: Idazoxan does not prevent but worsens focal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal Wistar rats. J Neurosci Res 1999; 58: 690-6 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19991201)58:5<690::AID-JNR10>3.0.CO;2-L
  13. Harrell LE, Parsons DS, Kolasa K: Pro- and anti-apoptotic evidence for cholinergic denervation and hippocampal sympathetic ingrowth in rat dorsal hippocampus. Exp Neurol 2005; 194: 182-90 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.02.009
  14. Dormer KJ, Foreman RD, Ohata CA: Fastigial nucleus stimulation and excitatory spinal sympathetic activity in dog. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: R25-33
  15. Golanov EV, Zhou P: Neurogenic neuroprotection. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2003; 23: 651-63 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025088516742
  16. Bederson JB, Pitts LH, Tsuji M, Nishimura MC, Davis RL, Bartkowski H: Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion: evaluation of the model and development of a neurologic examination. Stroke 1986; 17: 472-6 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.17.3.472
  17. Treggiari MM, Romand JA, Martin JB, Reverdin A, Rufenacht DA, de Tribolet N: Cervical sympathetic block to reverse delayed ischemic neurological deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2003; 34: 961-7 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000060893.72098.80
  18. Loos N, Grant DA, Wild J, Paul S, Barfield C, Zoccoli G, et al: Sympathetic nervous control of the cerebral circulation in sleep. J Sleep Res 2005; 14: 275-83 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00464.x
  19. Tuor UI: Local distribution of the effects of sympathetic stimulation on cerebral blood flow in the rat. Brain Res 1990; 529: 224-31 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(90)90831-U
  20. Umeyama T, Kugimiya T, Ogawa T, Kandori Y, Ishizuka A, Hanaoka K: Changes in cerebral blood flow estimated after stellate ganglion block by single photon emission computed tomography. J Auton Nerv Syst 1995; 50: 339-46 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1838(94)00105-S
  21. Hamel E: Perivascular nerves and the regulation of cerebrovascular tone. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 1059-64 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00954.2005
  22. Gupta MM, Bithal PK, Dash HH, Chaturvedi A, Mahajan RP: Effects of stellate ganglion block on cerebral haemodynamics as assessed by transcranial doppler ultrasonography. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 669-73 https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aei230
  23. Nitahara K, Dan K: Blood flow velocity changes in carotid and vertebral arteries with stellate ganglion block: measurement by magnetic resonance imaging using a direct bolus tracking method. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998; 23: 600-4
  24. Gotoh F, Fukuuchi Y, Amano T, Tanaka K, Uematsu D, Suzuki N, et al: Comparison between pial and intraparenchymal vascular responses to cervical sympathetic stimulation in cats. Part 1. Under normal resting conditions. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986; 6: 342-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1986.58
  25. Yokoyama K, Kishida T, Sugiyama K: Stellate ganglion block and regional cerebral blood volume and oxygenation. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51: 515-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03018319
  26. Moore DC: Stellate ganglion block-therapy for cerebral vascular accidents. Br J Anaesth 2006; 96: 666 https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/ael059
  27. Lee AR, Yoon MO, Kim HH, Choi JM, Jeon HY, Shin JW, et al: Effect of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block on brain injury induced by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model. Korean J Pain 2007; 20: 83-91 https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2007.20.2.83
  28. Zhao H, Sapolsky RM, Steinberg GK. Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26: 1114-21 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600348
  29. Okada Y, Copeland BR, Fitridge R, Koziol JA, del Zoppo GJ: Fibrin contributes to microvascular obstructions and parenchymal changes during early focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Stroke 1994; 25: 1847-53 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.25.9.1847
  30. Kamiya T, Katayama Y, Kashiwagi F, Terashi A: The role of bradykinin in mediating ischemic brain edema in rats. Stroke 1993; 24: 571-5 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.24.4.571
  31. Abumiya T, Lucero J, Heo JH, Tagaya M, Koziol JA, Copeland BR, et al: Activated microvessels express vascular endothelial growth factor and integrin alpha(v)beta3 during focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 1038-50 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199909000-00012
  32. Heo JH, Lucero J, Abumiya T, Koziol JA, Copeland BR, del Zoppo GJ: Matrix metalloproteinases increase very early during experimental focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 624-33 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199906000-00005
  33. Rogers DC, Campbell CA, Stretton JL, Mackay KB: Correlation between motor impairment and infarct volume after permanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Stroke 1997; 28: 2060-5 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.28.10.2060
  34. Smith SE, Hodges H, Sowinski P, Man CM, Leach MJ, Sinden JD, et al: Long-term beneficial effects of BW619C89 on neurological deficit, cognitive deficit and brain damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Neuroscience 1997; 77: 1123-35 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00530-1
  35. Zausinger S, Hungerhuber E, Baethmann A, Reulen H, Schmid-Elsaesser R: Neurological impairment in rats after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion: a comparative study under various treatment paradigms. Brain Res 2000; 863: 94-105 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02100-4