Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Tethering Meat Goats Grazing Forage of High Nutritive Value and Low to Moderate Mass

  • Patra, A.K. (E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University) ;
  • Puchala, R. (E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University) ;
  • Detweiler, G. (E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University) ;
  • Dawson, L.J. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University) ;
  • Animut, G. (E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University) ;
  • Sahlu, T. (E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University) ;
  • Goetsch, A.L. (E (Kika) de la Garza American Institute for Goat Research, Langston University)
  • Received : 2006.11.17
  • Accepted : 2007.05.22
  • Published : 2008.09.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Twenty-four yearling Boer$\times$Spanish goats were used in a crossover design experiment to determine effects of tethering on forage selection, intake and digestibility, grazing behavior and energy expenditure (EE) with forage high in nutritive value and low to moderate in mass. Objectives were to determine if tethered goats could be used as a model for study of unrestrained animals and to characterize tethering as a production practice. Four 0.72-ha pastures of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium) were grazed in December and January. Each pasture hosted six animals, three with free movement and three attached to a 4.11-m tether for access to a circular area of $53.1m^2$. Tethering areas were moved each day. One animal of each treatment and pasture was used to determine forage selection, fecal output or grazing behavior and EE; therefore, there were eight observations per treatment. Mass of forage DM before grazing in Tethered areas averaged 1,280 and 1,130 kg/ha in periods 1 and 2, respectively. The CP concentration in ingesta was greater ((p<0.05) 239 and 209 g/kg; SE = 8.0) and the NDF level was lower (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (503 and 538 g/kg; SE = 12.0); in vitro true DM digestion was similar between treatments (0.808 and 0.807 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0096). Intakes of DM (1,013 and 968 g/d; SE = 78.6), NDF (511 and 521 g/d; SE = 39.9) and ME (10.9 and 10.7 MJ/d; SE = 0.90) were similar between treatments, but CP intake was greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (241 and 203 g/d; SE = 17.2). There were small treatment differences in in vivo apparent digestibility of OM ((p<0.05) 0.780 and 0.814; SE = 0.0049), CP ((p<0.05) 0.800 and 0.817; SE = 0.0067) and NDF ((p<0.09) 0.777 and 0.760 for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 0.0078). There were no treatment effects on time spent ruminating or grazing (346 and 347 min/d for Free and Tethered, respectively; SE = 42.5), but EE was considerably greater (p<0.05) for Free vs. Tethered animals (571 and 489 kJ/kg $BW^{0.75}$; SE = 8.9). In conclusion, with forage of high nutritive value and low to moderate in mass, tethering can offer a production advantage over free grazing of less energy used for activity despite similar grazing time. With forage removal considerably less than that available for grazing, effects of tethering on chemical composition of selected forage were small and less than needed to markedly affect digestion. Tethering may offer a means of studying some aspects of grazing by ruminants, but would not seem suitable for energy metabolism.

Keywords

References

  1. AFRC. 1993. Energy and Protein Requirements of Ruminants. An Advisory Manual Prepared by the AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients. CAB International. Wallingford, UK. pp. 5-55
  2. AFRC. 1998. The Nutrition of Goats. CAB International, Oxon, UK. pp. 41-51
  3. AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 14th Edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC. pp. 129-130
  4. Asplund, J. M. 1994. The significance and interpretation of balance methods of determining the utilization of dietary proteins. In: Principles of Protein Nutrition of Ruminants (Ed. J. M. Asplund). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 29-42
  5. Berhan, T., R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch and R. C. Merkel. 2006. Effects of walking speed and forage consumption on energy expenditure and heart rate by Alpine does. Small Rum. Res. 63:119-124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.02.012
  6. Berhan, T., R. Puchala, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu and R. C. Merkel. 2005. Effects of length of pasture access on energy use by growing meat goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 28: 1-7 https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2005.9706778
  7. Bransby, D. I., A. G. Matches and G. F. Krause. 1977. Disk meter for rapid estimation of herbage yield in grazing trials. Agron. J. 69:393-396 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1977.00021962006900030016x
  8. Brosh, A. 2007. Heart rate measurements as an index of energy expenditure and energy balance in ruminants: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 85:1213-1227 https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-298
  9. Brouwer, E. 1965. Report of sub-committee on constants and factors. In: Energy Metabolism. Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium (Ed. K. L. Blaxter). EAAP Publ. No. 11. Academic Press. London, UK. pp. 441-443
  10. Burns, J. C., H. F. Mayland and D. S. Fisher. 2005. Dry matter intake and digestion of alfalfa harvested at sunset and sunrise. J. Anim. Sci. 83:262-270 https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.831262x
  11. Dulphy, J. P., B. Remond and M. Theriez. 1980. Ingestive behaviour and related activities in ruminants. In: Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants (Ed. Y. Ruckebush and P. Thivend). AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, CT. pp. 103-122
  12. Fisher, D. S., H. F. Mayland and J. C. Burns. 1999. Variation in ruminants' preference for tall fescue hays cut either at sundown or at sunup. J. Anim. Sci. 77:762-768 https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.773762x
  13. Garrett, W. N., J. H. Mayer and G. P. Lofgreen. 1959. The comparative energy requirements of sheep and cattle for maintenance and gain. J. Anim. Sci. 18:528-547 https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1959.182528x
  14. Hart, S. P., T. Sahlu and J. M. Fernandez. 1993. Efficiency of utilization of high and low quality forages by three goat breeds. Small Rum. Res. 10:293-301 https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(93)90134-4
  15. Hirata, M., T. Iwamoto, W. Otozu and D. Kiyota. 2002. The effects of recording interval on the estimation of grazing behavior of cattle in a daytime grazing system. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 15:745-750 https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.745
  16. Kim, T. H., K. W. An and W. J. Jung. 2001. Effects of daily herbage allowance on sward structure, herbage intake and milk production by dairy cows grazing a pure pereunial ryegrass sward. Asian-Aust. J.Anim. Sci. 14:1383-1388 https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.1383
  17. Kononoff, P. J., H. A. Lehman and A. J. Heinrichs. 2002. Technical note - a comparison of methods used to measure eating and ruminating activity in confined dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1801-1803. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74254-9
  18. Lippke, H., T. D. A. Forbes and W. C. Ellis. 2000. Effect of supplements on growth and forage intake by stocker steers grazing wheat pasture. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 1625-1635. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.7861625x
  19. Littell, R. C., G. A. Milliken, W. W. Stroup and R. D. Wolfinger. 1996. SAS System for Mixed Models. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
  20. Luo, J., A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, I. V. Nsahlai, Z. B. Johnson, J. E. Moore, M. L. Galyean, F. N. Owens and C. L. Ferrell. 2004. Prediction of metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of preweaning, growing, and mature goats. Small Rum. Res. 53:231-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.006
  21. Minson, D. J. 1990. Digestible energy of forage. In: Forage in Ruminant Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc. New York, NY. pp. 85-149
  22. Moniruzzaman, M., M. A. Hashem, S. Akhtar and M. M. Hossain. 2002. Effect of feeding systems on feed intake, eating behaviour, growth, reproductive performance and parasitic infestation of Black Bengal goats. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 15:1453-1457. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.1453
  23. Montossi, F. and F. Hodgson. 1997. Herbage intake, ingestive behaviour and diet selection, and effects of condensed tannins upon body and wool growth in lambs grazing Lolium perenne and Holcus lanatus swards in summer. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 70:449-461
  24. Moore, J. E., J. C. Bums and D. S. Fisher. 1996. Multiple regression equations for predicting relative feed value of grass hays. In: Proc. Am. Grassl. Council (Ed. M. J. Williams). AFGC, Georgetown, TX. pp. 135-139.
  25. Moore, J. E., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, F. N. Owens, M. L. Galyean, Z. B. Johnson, T. Sahlu and C. L. Ferrell. 2004. Prediction of fecal crude protein excretion of goats. Small Rum. Res. 53:275-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.008
  26. Muir, J. P. and E. Massaete. 1996. Effect of physical restriction and supplementation with Leucaena leucocephala on goat growth. Small Rum. Res. 23:103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(96)00901-7
  27. NRC. 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy and Meat goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
  28. NRC. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Update 2000. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  29. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Revised Edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
  30. Orskov, E. R. 1992. Protein Nutrition in Ruminants. 2nd Edn. Academic Press. New York, NY. pp. 20-42
  31. Osuji, P. O. 1974. The physiology of eating and the energy expenditure of the ruminant at pasture. J. Range Manage. 27:437-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/3896717
  32. Patra, A. K., R. Puchala, G. Detweiler, L. J. Dawson, G. Animut, T. Sahlu and A. L. Goetsch. 2006. Tethering meat goats grazing forage of high nutritive value and moderate to high in mass. J. Amn. Sci. 84(Suppl. 1):27 (Abstr.)
  33. Preston, R. L. 2005. 2005 feed composition tables. In: Beef, Vol. 41, No.8, April, 2005. Primedia Business Magazines & Media. Overland Park, KS. pp. 48-60.
  34. Puchala, R., I. Tovar-Luna, A. L. Goetsch and T. Sahlu. 2005. The relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure in growing crossbred Boer and Spanish wethers. J. Anim. Sci. 83(Suppl. 1): 19 (Abstr.)
  35. Puchala, R., I. Tovar-Luna, A. L. Goetsch, T. Sahlu, G. E. Carstens and H. C. Freetly. 2007. The relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure in Alpine, Angora, Boer and Spanish goat wethers consuming different quality diets at level of intake near maintenance or fasting. Small Rum. Res. 70: 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.03.002
  36. Redmon, L. A., F. T. McCollum, III, G. W. Horn, M. D. Cravey, S. A. Gunter, P. A. Beck, J. M. Mieres and R. San Julian. 1995. Forage intake by beef steers grazing winter wheat with varied herbage allowances. J. Range Manage. 48: 198-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/4002420
  37. Sahlu, T., A. L. Goetsch, J. Luo, J. V. Nsahlai, J. E. Moore, M. L. Galyean, F. N. Owens, C. L. Ferrell and Z. B. Johnson. 2004. Nutrient requirements of goats: developed equations, other considerations and future research to improve them. Small Rum. Res. 53:191-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.04.001
  38. SAS. 1990. SAS/STAT User's Guide. Version 6, 4th Edn., Vol. 2. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC
  39. SCA. 1990. Feeding standards for Australian Livestock. Ruminants. CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne, Australia.
  40. Tilley, J. M. A. and R. A. Terry. 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Br. Grassl. Soc. 18: 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x
  41. Van So est, P. J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. 2nd Edn. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, NY. pp. 108-121
  42. Van Soest, P. J., R. H. Wine and L. A. Moore. 1966. Estimation of the true digestibility of forages by the in vitro digestion of cell walls. Proc. X Intl. Grassl. Congr. pp. 438-441.

Cited by

  1. Effects of Stocking Rate, Breed and Stage of Production on Energy Expenditure and Activity of Meat Goat Does on Pasture vol.36, pp.2, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2009.9707053
  2. Tropical grasslands: A pivotal place for a more multi-functional agriculture vol.46, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0806-5
  3. ASAS Centennial Paper: Impact of animal science research on United States goat production and predictions for the future vol.87, pp.1, 2009, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1291
  4. Invited review: Feeding behavior of goats1,2 vol.88, pp.1, 2010, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2332
  5. Effects of restricted periods of feed access on feed intake, digestion, behaviour, heat energy, and performance of Alpine goats vol.46, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2018.1450259
  6. Effect of Forage Feeding on Goat Meat Production: Carcass Characteristics and Composition of Creole Kids Reared Either at Pasture or Indoors in the Humid Tropics vol.22, pp.8, 2008, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80593
  7. Effects of gender and age on energy use by young Boer goats vol.199, pp.None, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.03.016