DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Critical Review of Foot Orthoses in Normal and Diseased Foot

정상의 발과 병적인 발에서 발보조기 연구의 비판적 고찰

  • Published : 2007.09.30

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to critically review biomechanical studies on foot orthoses (FO) in normal and diseased foot and provide beneficial information obtained from researches until now and future researching focus. The search was performed by Medline and Embase database including studies published in English from January 1980 to April 2007. The searching terms were foot orthoses, foot orthotics, insoles and shoe insert. 57 studies including 54 journal articles and 3 abstracts were finally selected under the conditions of having clinical trials, FO, control condition, movement, scientific measuring system. The reviewed studies were divided into 10 categories according to subject characteristics; healthy normal, excessive pronation or flexible flat foot, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, medial knee osteoarthritis, forefoot varus, plantar fasciitis, patellofemoral syndrome, cavus foot and finite element model. In summary, first, soft and semirigid FOs with some degree of cushioning showed much higher comfort and efficacy than rigid FO. Second, no big differences between prefabricated and custom FO were shown. Third, the full length's FO was preferable to the half length's FO or simple arch supports. Fourth, the wearing of FO combining medial arch supports and metatarsal dome made positive roles to enhance comfort and functionality and redistribute plantar pressure under the foot. Fifth, for patients with knee-related diseases lateral wedges were preferable. Sixth, measuring systems were properly applied according to the types of foot diseases.

Keywords

References

  1. Albert, S., & Rinoie, C.(1994). Effect of custom orthotics on plantar pressure distribution in the pronated diabetic foot. Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 33(6), 598-604.
  2. Bird, A.R., Bendrups, A.P., & Payne, C.B.(2003). The effect of foot wedging on electromyographic activity in the erector spinae and gluteus medius muscles during walking. Gait & Posture, 18(2), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00199-6
  3. Branthwaite, H.R., Payton, C.J., & Chockalingam, N.(2004). The effect of simple insoles on three- dimensional foot motion during normal walking. Clinical Biomechanics, 19(9), 972-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.06.009
  4. Brown, G.P., Donatelli, R., Catlin, P.A., & Wooden, M.J.(1995). The effect of two types of foot orthoses on rearfoot mechanics. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 21(5), 258-267. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1995.21.5.258
  5. Brown M., Rudicel, S., & Esquenazi, A.(1995). Measurement of dynamic pressures at the shoe-foot interface during normal walking with various foot orthoses using a new version of the FSCAN system. Gait & Posture, 3(2), 94.
  6. Burns, J., Crosbie, J, Ouvrier, R., & Hunt, A.(2006). Effective orthotic therapy for the painful cavus foot: a randomized controlled trial. Journal Of The American Podiatric Medical Association, 96(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.7547/0960205
  7. Bus S.A., Ulbrecht, J.S., & Cavanagh, P.R.(2004). Pressure relief and load redistribution by custom-made insoles in diabetic patients with neuropathy and foot deformity. Clinical Biomechanics, 19, 629-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.02.010
  8. Butler, R.J., Davis, I.M., Laughton, C.M., & Hughes, M.(2003). Dual-function foot orthosis: effect on shock and control of rearfoot motion. Foot & Ankle International, 24(5), 410-414.
  9. Chen, W.P., Ju, C.W., Tang, F.T.(2003). Effects of total contact insoles on the plantar stress redistribution: a finite element analysis. Clinical Biomechanics, 18, S17-S24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00080-9
  10. Conrad, K.J., Budiman-Mak, E., Roach, K.E., & Hedeker, D.(1996). Impacts of foot orthoses on pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritics. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(96)00534-3
  11. Cornwall, M.W., & McPoil, T.G.(1997). Effect of foot orthotics on the initiation of plantar surface loading. The Foot, 7, 148-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2592(97)90026-2
  12. Eng, J.J., & Pierrynowski, M.R.(1994). The effect of soft orthotics on three-dimensional lower-limb kinematics during walking and running. Physical Therapy, 74(9), 836-844.
  13. Esterman, A., & Pilotto, L.(2005). Foot shape and its effect on functioning in Royal Australian Air Force recruits. part2: pilot, randomized, controlled trial of orthotics in recruits with flat feet. Military Medicine, 170(7), 629-633.
  14. Ferber, R., Davis, I.M., & Williams, D.S.3rd.(2005). Effect of foot orthotics on rearfoot and tibia joint coupling patterns and variability. Journal of Biomechanics, 38(3), 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.04.019
  15. Finestone, A., Novack, V., Farfel, A., Berg, A., & Amir, H.(2004). A prospective study of the effect of foot orthoses composition and fabrication on comfort and the incidence of overuse injuries. Foot & Ankle International, 25(7), 462-466.
  16. Genova, J.M., & Gross, M.T.(2000). Effect of foot orthotics on calcaneal eversion during standing and treadmill walking for subjects with abnormal pronation. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 30(11), 664-675. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2000.30.11.664
  17. Gross, M.T., Byers, J.M., Krafft, J.L., Lackey, E.J., & Melton, K.M.(2002). The impact of custom semirigid foot orthotics on pain and disability for individuals with plantar fasciitis. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 32(4), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2002.32.4.149
  18. Guldemond, N.A., Leffers, P., Schaper, N.C., Sanders, A.P., Nieman, F., Willems, P., & Walenkamp, G.H.I.M.(2007). The effects of insole configuratiuons on forefoot plantar pressure and walking convenience in diabetic patients with neuropathic feet. Clinical Biomechanics, 22, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.08.004
  19. Hodge, M.C., Bach, T.M., & Carter, G.M.(1999). Orthotic management of plantar pressure and pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Biomechanics, 14(8), 567-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(99)00034-0
  20. Hodgson, B., Tis, L., Cobb, S., McCarthy, S., & Higbie, E.(2006). The effects of 2 different custom-moulded corrective orthotics on plantar pressure. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 15(1), 33-44.
  21. House C.M., Waterworth, C., Allsopp, A.J., & Dixon, S.J.(2002). The influence of simulated wear upon the ability of insole to reduce peak pressure during running when wearing military boots. Gait and Posture, 16, 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00021-8
  22. Hunter, S., Dolan, M.G., & Davis, J.M.(1995). Foot Orthotics in Therapy and Sport. Champaign: Human Kinetics.
  23. Johanson, M.A., Donatelli, R., Wooden, M.J., Andrew, P.D., Cummings, G.S., & Mueller, M.J.(1994). Effects of three different posting methods on controlling abnormal subtalar pronation. Physical Therapy, 74(2), 149-161.
  24. Johnston, L.B., & Gross, M.T.(2004). Effects of foot orthoses on quality of life for individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 34(8), 440-448. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2004.34.8.440
  25. Kahler, M., Hillstrom, H.J., McGuire J., Whitney, K., & Schumacher, R.(1998). Immediate effects of foot orthoses on gait parameters in subjects with medial type knee osteoarthritis. Gait and Posture Abstracts, 7, 177.
  26. Kakihana, W., Akai, M., Nakazawa, K., Takashima, T., Naito, K., & Torii, S.(2005). Effects of laterally wedged insoles on knee and subtalar joint moment. Arch Physical Medical Rehabilitation, 86, 1465-1471.
  27. Kato, H., Takada, T., Kawamura, T., Hotta, N., & Torri, S.(1996). The reduction and redistribution of plantar pressures using foot orthoses in diabetic patients. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 31, 115-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8227(96)01214-4
  28. Kelaher, D., Mirka, G.A., Dudziak, K.Q.(2000). Effects of semi-rigid arch-support orthotics: an investigation with potential ergonomic implications. Applied Ergonomics, 31, 515-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00018-1
  29. Kerrigan, D.C>, Lelas, J.L., Goggins, J., Merriman, G.J., Kaplan, R.J., & Felson, D.T.(2002). Effectiveness of a lateral-wedge insole on knee varus torque in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arch Physical Medical Rehabilitation, 83, 889-893. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2002.33225
  30. Leung, A.K., Mak, A.F., & Evans, J.H.(1998). Biomechanical gait evaluation of the immediate effect of orthotic treatment for flexible flat foot. Prosthetic Orthotics International, 22(1), 25-34.
  31. MacLean, C., Davis, I.M., & Hamill, J.(2006). Influence of a custom foot orthotic intervention on lower extremity dynamics in healthy runners. Clinical Biomechanics, 21, 623-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.01.005
  32. MacSween, A., Brydson, G., & Hamilton, J.(1999). The effect of custom moulded ethyl vinyl acetate foot orthoses on the gait of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Foot, 9, 128-133. https://doi.org/10.1054/foot.1999.0529
  33. Magalhaes, E., Davitt, M., Filho, D.J., & Battistella, L.R.(2006). The effect of foot orthoses in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 45(4), 449-453. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kei163
  34. Maillefert, J.F., Hudry, C., Baron, G., Kieffert, P., Bourgeois, P., Lechevalier, D., Coutaux, A. & Dougados, M.(2001). Laterally elevated wedged insoles in the treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis: a prospective randomized controlled study. Journal of the OsteoArthritis Research Society International, 9, 738-745. https://doi.org/10.1053/joca.2001.0470
  35. Maly, M.R., Culham, E.G., & Costigan, P.A.(2002). Static and dynamic biomechanics of foot orthoses in people with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Biomechanics, 17(8), 603-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00073-6
  36. Mejjad, O., Vittecoq, Pouplin, S., Grassin-Delyle, Weber, J., Loet, X.L., GRHAL.(2004). Foot orthotics decrease pain but do not improve gait in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Joint Bone Spine, 71, 542-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2003.09.007
  37. McPoil, T.G., & Cornwall, M.W.(2000). The effect of foot orthoses on transverse tibial rotation during walking. Journal of the American Podiatry Medical Association, 90(1), 2 11. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-90-1-2
  38. Mundermann, A., Nigg, B.M., Humble, R.N., & Stefanyshyn, D.J.(2004). Consistent immediate effects of foot orthoses on comfort and lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activity. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 20, 71-84.
  39. Murley, G.S., & Bird, A.R.(2006). The effect of three levels of foot orthoses wedging on the surface electromyographic activity of selected lower limb muscles during gait. Clinical Biomechanics, 21, 1074-1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.06.007
  40. Nagel, A., Lars, H.S.A., & Rosenbaum, D.(2006). Long-term effects of orthotic insoles in rheumatoid arthritis-a one-year year longitudinal follow-up. Gait and Posture Published posters, 24S, S178-S179.
  41. Nawoczenski, D.A., & Ludewig, P.M.(1999). Electromyographic effects of foot orthotics on selected lower extremity muscles during running. Arch Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 80(5), 540-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90196-X
  42. Nester, C.J., van den Linden, M.L., & Bowker, P.(2003). Effect of foot orthoses on the kinematics and kinetics of normal walking gait. Gait & Posture, 17(2), 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00065-6
  43. Nigg, B.M., Stergiou, P., Cole, G., Stefanyshyn, D., Mundermann, A., & Humble, N.(2003). Effect of shoe inserts on kinematics, center of pressure, and leg joint moments during running. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(2):314-319. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000048828.02268.79
  44. Nurse M.A., Hulliger, M., Wakeling, J.M., Nigg, B.M., Stefanyshyn, D.J.(2005). Changing the texture of foot wear can alter gait patterns. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 15, 496-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.12.003
  45. Pfeffer, G., Bacchetti, P., Deland, J., Lewis, A., Anderson, R., Davis, W., Alvarez, R., Brodsky, J., Cooper, P., Frey, C., Herrick R., Myerson, M., Sammarco, J., Janecki, C., Ross, S., Bowman, M., & Smith, R.(1999). Comparison of custom and prefabricated orthoses in the initial treatment of proximal plantar fasciitis. Foot & Ankle International, 20(4), 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079902000402
  46. Pratt, D.J.(2000). A critical review of the literature on foot orthoses. Journal of the American Podiatry Medical Association, 90(7), 339-341. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-90-7-339
  47. Raspovic, A., Newcombe, L., Lloyd, J., & Dalton, E.(2000). Effect of customized insoles on vertical plantar pressures in sites of previous neuropathic ulceration in the diabetic foot. The Foot, 10, 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1054/foot.2000.0604
  48. Redmond, A., Lumb, P.S., & Landorf, K.(2000). Effect of cast and noncast foot orthoses on plantar pressure and force during normal gait. Journal Of The American Podiatric Medical Association, 90(9), 441-449. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-90-9-441
  49. Rome, K., & Brown, C.L.(2004). Randomized clinical trial into the impact of rigid foot orthoses on balance parameters in excessively pronated feet. Clinical Rehabilitation, 18 (6), 624-630. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215504cr767oa
  50. Saxena, A., & Haddad, J.(2003). The effect of foot orthoses on patellofemoral pain syndrome. Journal Of The American Podiatric Medical Association, 93(4), 264-271. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-93-4-264
  51. Seligman, D.A., & Dawson, D.R.(2003). Customized heel pads and soft orthotics to treat heel pain and plantar fasciitis. Arch Physical Medical Rehabilitation, 84, 1564-1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00363-0
  52. Shimada, S., Kobayashi, S., Wada, M., Uchida, K., Sasaki, S., Kawahara, H., Yayama, T., Kitade, I., Kamei, K., Kubota, M., & Baba, H.(2006). Effects of disease severity on response to lateral wedged shoe insole for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Arch Physical Medical Rehabilitation, 87, 1436-1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2006.08.018
  53. Sloss, R.(2002). The effects of foot orthoses on the ground reaction forces during walking. Part 1. The Foot, 11, 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1054/foot.2001.0713
  54. Stacoff, A., Quervain, I.K., Dettwyler, M., Wolf, P., List, R., Ukelo, T., & Stussi, E.(2007). Biomechanical effects of foot orthoses during walking. The Foot, In Press.
  55. Stacoff, A., Reinschmidt, C., Nigg, B.M., van den Bogert, A.J., Lundberg, A., Denoth, J., & Stussi, E.(2000). Effects of foot orthoses on skeletal motion during running. Clinical Biomechanics, 15, 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(99)00028-5
  56. Van Gheluwe, B., & Dananberg, H.J.(2004). Changes in plantar foot pressure with in-shoe varus or valgus wedging. Journal of the American Podiatry Medical Association, 94(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.7547/87507315-94-1-1
  57. Viswanathan, V., Madhavan S., Gnanasundaram, S., Gopalakrishna, G., Nath Das, B., Rajasekar, S., & Ramachandran, A.(2004). Effectiveness of different types of footwear insoles for the diabetic neuropathic foot: a follow-up study. Diabetes Care, 27(2), 474-477. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.2.474
  58. Windle, C.M., Gregory, S.M., & Dixon, S.J.(1999). The shock attenuation characteristics of four different insoles when worn in a military boot during running adn march. Gait and Posture, 9, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(99)00002-8
  59. Woodburn, J., Helliwell, P.S., & Barker, S.(2003). Changes in 3D joint kinematics support the continuous use of orthoses in the management of painful rearfoot deformity in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology, 30(11), 2356-2364.
  60. Zhang, M., & Cheung, J.T.-M.(2006). Effects of insoles on plantar pressure relief-a 3D finite element analysis. Journal of Biomechanics, V39, S169.