Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers (한국자동차공학회논문집)

The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers (한국자동차공학회)
권호 표지

A Study on Temporal Measurement of Size and Concentration for Soot Aggregates among Exhaust Emissions in Diesel Engines

디젤기관 배기 배출물에 있어서 매연 응집체 크기 및 농도의 시간적 계측에 관한 연구

  • Bae, Myung-Whan (Research Center for Aircraft Parts Technology, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Kamimoto, Takeyuki (Joint Research Center of Future Science & Technology, Tokai University) ;
  • Bae, Chang-Hwan (Microsystem Research Center, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology)
  • 배명환 (경상대학교 기계항공공학부, 항공기부품기술연구센터) ;
  • ;
  • 배창환 (동경공업대학 대학원)
  • Published : 2007.01.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

An optical method to measure the size and number density of soot aggregates in diesel exhaust has been proposed in this study. Two laser beams in co-axial alignment transmit a soot loaded exhaust gas flow, and the transmittance at each wavelength is detected by a photo diode simultaneously. The volume equivalent diameter and number density of soot aggregates in the optical path can be theoretically given by the transmittance values measured at two wavelengths. A test conducted by a single cylinder, 4 cycle, small and DI diesel engine shows that the temporal variations of the size and number density of soot aggregates in the diesel exhaust can be measured by the proposed method at a transient mode operation. It is found that the volume equivalent diameter varied temporally from 70 to 110 nm during the period that high soot concentration is observed. One can also conclude that the optical length longer than 1 m in the dynamic range regarding this method is preferable for measuring soot concentration at the level of $1\;mg/m^3$.

Keywords

References

  1. I. Abdul-Khalek, D. Kittelson and F. Brear, 'The Influence of Dilution Conditions on Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distribution Measurements,' SAE 1999-01-1142, 1999
  2. T. Kawai, Y. Iuchi, S. Nakamura, and K. Ishida, 'Real Time Analysis of Particulate Matter by Flame Ionization Detection,' SAE 980048, 1998
  3. D. R. Snelling, G. L. Smallwood, R. A. Sawchuk, W. S. Neill, D. Gareau, D. J. Clavel, F. Chippior, W. L. Liu, O. L. Gulder and W. D. Bachalo, 'In Situ Real-Time Characterization of Particulate Emissions from a Diesel Engine Exhaust by Laser-Induced Incandescence,' SAE 2000-01-1994, 2000
  4. S. Schraml, S. Will, A. Leipertz, T. Zens and A. D'Alfonso, 'Performance Characteristics of TIRE-LII Soot Diagnostics in Exhaust Gases of Diesel Engines,' SAE 2000-01-2002, 2000
  5. P. Witze, 'Optical Diagnostics Developed for Real-time Measurement of Nano-size Particulate Matter,' CRF News, Sandia National Laboratories, Vol.22, No.3, 2000
  6. R. A. Dobbins, R. J. Santoro and H. G. Semerjian, 'Analysis of Light Scattering from Soot using Optical Cross Sections for Aggregates,' 23rd Symposium (International) on Combustion/ The Combustion Institute, pp.1525-1532, 1990
  7. R. A. Dobbins, G. W. Mulholland and N. P. Bryner, 'Comparison of a Fractal Smoke Optics Model with Light Extinction Measurements,' Atmospheric Environment, Vol.28, No.5, pp.889-897, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)90247-X
  8. R. Puri, T. F. Richardson, R. J. Santoro and R. A. Dobbins, 'Aerosol Dynamic Processes of Soot Aggregates in a Laminar Ethane Diffusion Flame,' Combustion and Flame, Vol.92, pp.320- 333, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(93)90043-3
  9. Y. Fujiwara and S. Fukazawa, 'Growth and Combustion of Soot Particles in the Exhaust of Diesel Engines,' SAE 800984, 1980
  10. M. W. Bae, 'A Study on Soot Formation of Turbulent Premixed Propane Flames in a Constant-Volume Combustor at High Temperatures and High Pressures,' Transactions of the KSAE, Vol.9. No.4, pp.1- 9, 2001
  11. M. W. Bae, C. H. Bae, S. K. Lee and S. W. Ahn, 'Soot Yield of Turbulent Premixed Propane-Oxygen-Inert Gas Flames in a Constant- Volume Combustor at High Pressures,' Int. J. Automotive Technology, Vol.7, No.4, pp.391-397, 2006
  12. U. O. Koylu and G. M. Faeth, 'Structure of Overfire Soot in Buoyant Turbulent Diffusion Flames at Long Residence Times,' Combustion and Flame, Vol.89, pp.140-156, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(92)90024-J
  13. S. C. Lee and C. L. Tien, 'Optical Constants of Soot in Hydrocarbon Flames,' 18th Symposium on Combustion, pp.1159-1166, 1981
  14. J. Yanzen, 'The Refractive Index of Colloidal Carbon,' Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol.69, No.3, pp.436-447, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(79)90133-4
  15. B. Pluchino, S. S. Goldberg, J. M. Dowling and C. M. Randall, 'Refractive Index Measurements of Single Micron-Sized Carbon Particles,' Applied Optics, Vol.19, pp.3370-3372, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.19.003370
  16. P. Menna and A. D'Alessio, 'Light Scattering and Extinction Coefficients for Soot Forming Flames in the Wavelength Range from 0.2 $\mu$m -0.6 $\mu$m,' 19th Symposium on Combustion/ The Combustion Institute, pp.1421-1428, 1982
  17. G. W. Mulholland and M. Y. Choi, 'Measurement of the Mass Specific Extinction Coefficient for Acetylene and Ethane Smoke Using the Large Agglomerate Optics Facility,' 27th Symposium on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pp.1515 -1522, 1998
  18. W. H. Dalzell and A. F. Sarofim, 'Optical Constants of Soot and Their Application to Heat-Flux Calculations,' Transaction of ASME, pp.100-104, 1969
  19. C. Park and J. P. Appleton, 'Shock-Tube Measurements of Soot Oxidation Rates,' Combustion and Flame, Vol.20, pp.369-379, 1973 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(73)90029-1
  20. H. C. Scherrer, D. B. Kittelson and D. F. Dolan, 'Light Absorption Measurement of Diesel Particulate Matter,' SAE 810181, 1981
  21. Z. G. Liu, E. M. Thurow, R. Caldow and T. R. Johnson, 'Transient Performance of Diesel Particulate Filters as Measured by an Engine Exhaust Particle Size Spectrometer,' SAE 2005-01-0185, 2005
  22. L. Erkki, M. Pirita, O. Johanna, V. Kati and K. Jorma, 'Sampling and Engine After- Treatment Effect On Diesel Exhaust Particle Size Distributions,' SAE 2005-01-0192, 2005