The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY (한국해양학회지:바다)

The Korean Society of Oceanography (한국해양학회)
권호 표지

Climate Variability and Chum Salmon Production in the North Pacific

북태평양 기후변화와 연어 생산력 변동

  • Kim, Su-Am (Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Kang, Su-Kyung (Cold-water Inland Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI) ;
  • Seo, Hyun-Ju (Division of Marine Bioresource and Environmental Science, Hokkaido University) ;
  • Kim, Eun-Jung (Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Kang, Min-Ho (Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University)
  • 김수암 (부경대학교 자원생물학과) ;
  • 강수경 (국립수산과학원 영동내수면연구소) ;
  • 서현주 (홋카이도대학교 해양생물자원과학) ;
  • 김은정 (부경대학교 자원생물학과) ;
  • 강민호 (부경대학교 자원생물학과)
  • Published : 2007.05.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The relationship between North Pacific chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) population and climate variability was investigated in the North Pacific ecosystem. Time-series for the Aleutian Low Pressure, Southern Oscillation, Arctic Oscillation, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices dating back to 1950 are compared with the chum salmon catch using a cross-correlation function (CCF) and cumulative sum (CuSum) of anomalies. The results of CCF and CuSum analyses indicated that there was a major change in climate during the mid 1970s, and that the chum salmon population responded to this climate event with a time-lag. The PDO and chum salmon returns showed a highly significant correlation with a time-lag of 3 years, while the AOI with a time-lag of $6{\sim}7$ years. The favorable environments for fry chum salmon might cause better growth in the coastal areas, but higher growth rate during the early stage does not seem to be related to the improved return rate of spawning adults. Rather, growth in the Okhotsk Sea or the Bering Sea during immature stages has a significant correlation with return rate, which implies the size-related mortality process. The development of a local climate index is necessary to elucidate the effect of climate variability on the marine ecosystem around the Korean Peninsula.

북태평양 생태계의 연어(Oncorhynchus keta) 개체군과 기후 변동과의 관계에 대하여 연구하였다. 1950년 이후의 알류산 저기압, 남방진동, 북극진동, 태평양순년진동에 대한 지수들을 상호상관법(CCF)과 누적합(CuSum) 방법을 이용하여 연어어획량과 비교하였다. CCF와 CuSum 분석 결과는 1970년대 중반에 큰 기후변화가 발생하였음을 보여 주고 있으며 연어 개체군은 시간 지연 효과를 보이며 기후변화에 반응하였다. 연어회귀량은 태평양순년진동과 3년, 북극진동과는 $6{\sim}7$년의 시간 간격을 가지며 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 연어 치어에 유리한 해양환경은 연안역에서 치어의 성장을 향상시켰지만, 초기 발생시기의 높은 성장률이 산란어의 회귀율과 관련이 있는 것 같지는 않았다. 오히려 오호츠크해와 베링해에서의 미성어 시기 성장이 회귀율과 상관관계가 유의하게 나타났으며, 이는 연어 개체군에 '크기연관사망' 과정이 적용된 것이라고 할 수 있다. 향후 우리나라 주변 해양생태계에 대한 기후변동의 영향을 설명하기 위하여 한반도 지역의 기후지수 개발이 시급히 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. 김수암, 1995. 기후변화와 북태평양의 수산자원 변동에 관한 고찰. 해양정책연구, 10: 107-142
  2. 김수암, 2000. GLOBEC 프로그램의 목적, 운영체계 및 최근의 동향에 대하여. 바다, 5: 10-15
  3. 김수암, 2002. 기후변화에 대비한 해양환경연구의 방향. 환경정책연구. 1:1-24
  4. 김수암, 2003. 어류자원의 변동에 미치는 해양환경의 영향. 한국수산자원학회지. 6: 11-20
  5. 로춘봉, 1986. 곱추송어의 성장과 수량변동 경향에 대한 연구. 수산과학기술론문집. 공업출판사, 평양, pp. 17-24
  6. 변재형, 김영섭, 김창훈, 남기완, 양한섭, 이춘우, 장영진, 정현도, 허민도, 1997. 해양목장. 한국학술진흥재단 번역 총서 211. 동화기술, pp. 809
  7. 이채성, 성기백, 강수경, 이철호. 미발표 자료. 우리나라 연어 포획 및 치어방류 현황. 국립수산과학원, 영동내수면연구소, 양양
  8. Bax, N.J. 1983. Early marine mortality of marked juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) released into Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington, in 1980. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 426-435 https://doi.org/10.1139/f83-061
  9. Beamish, R.J., D.J. Noakes, G.A. McFarlane, L. Klyashtorin, V.V. Ivanov, and V. Kurashov, 1999. The regime concept and natural trends in the production of Pacific salmon. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 56: 516-526 https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-56-3-516
  10. Brodeur, R.D. and D.M. Ware, 1992. Long-term variability in zooplankton biomass in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. Fish. Oceanogr., 1: 32-39 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1992.tb00023.x
  11. Francis, R.C. and S.R. Hare, 1994. Decadal-scale regime shifts in the large marine ecosystem of the North-east Pacific: a case for historical science. Fish. Oceanogr., 3: 279-291 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1994.tb00105.x
  12. Fukuwaka, M. 1998. Scale and othlith patterns prove growth history of Pacific salmon. N. Pac. Anadr. fish Comm. Bull., 1: 190-198
  13. Fukuwaka, M. and Kaeriyama, M. 1994. A back-calculation method for estimating individual growth of juvenile chum salmon by scale analysis. Sci. Rep. Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery, 48: 1-9. (In Japanese)
  14. Fukuwaka, M. and Suzuki, T. 2001. Early sea morality of chum salmon juveniles in the open coastal waters of the Japan Sea. N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bull. Technical report 2: 7-8
  15. Gargett, A.E., 1997. The optimal stability 'window': a mechanism underlying decadal fluctuations in North Pacific salmon stocks. Fish. Oceanogr., 6: 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1997.00025.x
  16. Healey, M.C. 1982. Timing and relative intensity of size-selective mortality of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhychus keta) during early sea life. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 952-957 https://doi.org/10.1139/f82-130
  17. Hjort, J., 1914. Fluctuations in the great fisheries of north em Europe. Rapp. Proc. Verb., 20: 1-13
  18. Hodge, G., 2000. The new cold war. Stalking arctic climate change by submarine. National Geographic, March, 30-41
  19. Hunt, G.L., Jr., P. Stabeno, G Walters, E. Sinclair, R.D. Brodeur, J.M. Napp, and N.A. Bond, 2002. Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep-Sea Res. II, 49: 5821-5853 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00321-1
  20. Ishida, Y., Hariu, T., Yamashiro, J., Mckinnell, T., and Kaneko, H. 2001. Archeological evidence of Pacific salmon distribution in nirthern Japan and implication for future global warming. Prog. Oceanogra. 49: 539-550 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(01)00039-8
  21. Jung, K.M., S. Kang, S. Kim, and A.W. Kendall, Jr., 2006. Ecological characteristics of walleye pollock eggs and larvae in the southeastern Bering Sea during the late 1970s. J. of Oceanogr., 62: 859-871 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-006-0104-0
  22. Kaeriyama, M., 2003. Evaluation of carrying capacity of Pacific salmon in the North Pacific Ocean for ecosystem-based sustainable conservation management. NPAFC Tech. Rep., 5: 1-4
  23. Kaeriyama, M. and R.R. Edpalina, 2004. Evaluation of the biological interaction between wild and hatchery population for sustainable fisheries management of Pacific salmon. In: K.M. Leber, S. Kitada, H.L. Blankenship, and T. Svasand (eds.), Stock enhancement and sea ranching. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford., pp. 247-259
  24. Kang, S. and S. Kim, 2004. Comparison of biological characteristics of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta from the eastern and western North Pacific. J. Korean Soc. Fish. Res. 6: 153-162
  25. Kim, S., C.I. Zhang, J.-Y. Kim, J.-H. Oh, S. Kang, and J.B. Lee, in review. Climate variability and its effects on major fisheries in Korea. Ocean Science Journal https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03020922
  26. Klyashtorin, L.B., 2001. Climate change and long-term fluctuations of commercial catches: The possibility of forecasting. FAO Fisheries Tech. Paper 410, pp. 86
  27. Mantua, N.J., S.R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J.M. Wallace, and R.C. Francis, 1997. A pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78: 1069-1079 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2
  28. Mayama, H., and Y. Ishida, 2003. Japanese studies on the early ocean life of juvenile salmon. N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bull., 3: 41-67
  29. Minobe, S., 1997. A 50-70 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24: 683-686 https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00504
  30. Murdoch, J., 1979. Control charts. Macmillan Press Ltd., London, UK
  31. PICES., 2004. Marine Ecosystems of the North Pacific. PICES Special Publ., 1, pp. 280
  32. Seki, J., 2005. Study of characteristic of feeding habitat of juvenile chum salmon and their food environment in the Pacific coastal waters, centeral part of Hokkaido. Bulletin of the National Salmon Resources Center; 7: 1-104
  33. Seo, H., S. Kim, K. Seong, and S. Kang, 2006. Variability in scale growth rates of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in relation to climate changes in the late 1980s. Prog. in Oceanogr., 68: 205-216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.02.003
  34. Shuntov, V.P., Dulepova, Y.P. 1996. Biota of Okhotsk Sea: structure of communities, the interannual dynamics and current status. PlCES Scientific Report, 6: 263-273
  35. Sugimoto, T., Tadokoro, K. 1997. Interannual-interdecadal variations in zooplankton biomass, chlorophyll concentration and physical environment in the subarctic Pacific and Bering Sea. Fish. Oceanogra., 6: 74-93 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1997.00031.x
  36. Thompson, D.W.J., and J.M. Wallace, 1998. The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25: 1297-1300 https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00950
  37. Trenberth, K.E. and D.J. Shea, 1987. On the evolution of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weather Rev., 115: 3078-3096 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<3078:OTEOTS>2.0.CO;2
  38. Urawa, S., 2003. Stock identification studies of high seas salmon in Japan: A review and future plan. NPAFC Tech. Rep., 5: 9-10
  39. Urawa, S., Y Ueno, Y. Ishida, L.W Seeb, P.A. Crane, S. Abe, and N.D. Davis, 2001. A migration model of Japanese chum salmon during early ocean life. NPAFC Tech. Rep., 2: 45-45
  40. Venrick, E.L., J.A. McGowan, D.R. Cayan, and T.L. Hayward, 1987. Climate and chlorophyll a: long-term trends in the central North Pacific Ocean. Science., 238: 70-72 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.238.4823.70
  41. Wooster, W.S., K. Banse, and D.R. Gunderson, 1983. On the development of strategies for the study of ocean fish interactions. In:WS. Wooster (ed.) From year to year. Washington Sea Grant Publication, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA
  42. Zhang, Y., J.M. Wallace, and D.S. Battisti, 1997. ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93.J. Climate, 10: 1004-1020
  43. ALPI http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/sa-mfpd/climate/clm_jndx_alpi.htm
  44. AO http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily _ao_ index/ao.shtrnl
  45. FAO http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISHPLUS.asp#Download
  46. 한국해양자료센터(KODC) http://kodc2.nfrdi.re.kr: 8001/home/eng/ main/index.php
  47. NOAA-ClRES Climate Diagnostics Center(NCEP/NCAR reanaly-sis) http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/Timeseries
  48. NPAFC http://www.npafc.org/new/pub_statistics.html
  49. PDO http://jisao.washington.edu/pdo/PDO.latest
  50. SOl http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/soi.htm