Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rates on Transfer of Pronuclear Microinjected Embryos in Korean Black Goats

전핵 미세 주입법으로 생산된 한국흑염소 수정란의 이식 조건이 수태율에 미치는 영향

  • Choi, Y.S. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Shin, H.G. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Jang, S.K. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Yang, H.S. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, O.K. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, D.S. (Hanmi Research Center) ;
  • Cho, J.K. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Shin, S.T. (College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University)
  • 최윤석 (충남대학교 수의과대학.동물의과학연구소) ;
  • 신현국 (충남대학교 수의과대학.동물의과학연구소) ;
  • 장성근 (충남대학교 수의과대학.동물의과학연구소) ;
  • 양홍석 (충남대학교 수의과대학.동물의과학연구소) ;
  • 이옥근 (충남대학교 수의과대학.동물의과학연구소) ;
  • 이두수 (한미약품 연구센터) ;
  • 조종기 (충남대학교 수의과대학.동물의과학연구소) ;
  • 신상태 (충남대학교 수의과대학.동물의과학연구소)
  • Published : 2007.03.31

Abstract

This study was investigated factors affecting the pregnancy rates after transfer of pronuclear microinjected embryos for the production of transgenic Korean black goats. Embryo transfer was carried out in 343 recipient Korean black goats from September 1999 to June 2000. Estrus was induced by the insertion of intravaginal progesterone devices $CIDR^(R)$ for 2 weeks. A single injection of 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin was administered at 48h before $CIDR^(R)$ removal to increase the proportion of does cycling and ovulation rate. Good quality embryos were prepared by microinjection of DNA into the pronuclei of fertilized goat oocyte and cultured in vitro. Pronuclear microinjected $1{\sim}8$ cell stage embryos were surgically transferred into the oviducts of the recipient at day 4 or 5 following $CIDR^(R)$ removal, and morula to blastocyst stage embryos were surgically transferred into uterus at day 9. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound scanning at $20{\sim}30d$ and 8 weeks following embryo transfer. The pregnancy rate was affected by several factors, such as estrus induction, the number of previous transfer, transfer site, stage of CL (corpus luteum), the number of recipient CL, stage of embryos and the number of transferred embryo. The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in recipients that came into estrus naturally than recipients that induced to come into estrus with $CIDR^(R)$(59.1% vs. 36.8%; P<0.05). The pregnancy rate was higher when the embryos were transferred into the left oviduct than transferred into the right oviduct (42.9% vs. 35.3%; P<0.05). The pregnancy rate of recipients with $CH_1$ (early) stage corpus hemorrhagicum in ovary was hi틴or than recipient with $CH_3$ (late) stage hemorrhagicum (47.5% vs. 17.9%; P<0.01). Higher pregnancy rates were obtained by transfer of 1-cell stage embryos into oviduct while late blastocysts (51.6% vs. 66.7%; P<0.01) into uterus. The pregnancy rates when 3 embryos were transferred to recipients were significantly higher than when 2 embryos we.e transferred (47.6% vs. 27.0%; P<0.05). Although there were no significant difference among the group, adhesion of reproductive organs, uterine size, ovulation rate of recipients, presence of large follicle and difficulty of transfer affected pregnancy rate of recipient. Higher pregnancy rates were obtained in the recipients with $8{\sim}15m$ diameter uterine horn as compared to the recipients with <5m diameter or >20mm diameter uterine hem (38.9%, 20% vs. 18.2%), in the recipients with large follicle in the ovulated ovary ipsilaterally (53.6% vs. 37.1%) and in the transfer which was carried out easily (39.2% vs. 27.8%, 0%). In conclusion, the high rate of pregnancy was achieved following transfer of pronuclear microinjected embryos when three or four 1-cell stage embryos were transferred into oviduct with $CH_1$ stage corpus hemorrhagicum in the ovary of recipient which came into estrus naturally.

본 연구는 PI한 한국흑염소 수정란의 이식 결과를 통해 수란 흑염소의 수태율에 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되는 여러 가지 요인을 분석함으로써, 높은 수태율을 얻을 수 있는 수란 흑염소의 최적 조건을 찾아낼 목적으로 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 수태율에 유의적인 영향을 주는 요인들은 발정형태, 수술 빈도, 이식 부위, 황체의 발육 단계, 수정란의 발육단계, 이식된 수정란의 수 등이었다. 자연 발정이 관찰되어 이식된 흑염소(59.1%, 13/22)들이 $CIDR^(R)$로 발정이 유도된 후 이식된 흑염소(36.8%, 118/321)에서보다 높은 수태율을 나타내었으며(P<0.05), 두 번째 수술 받은 흑염소의 수태율(56.5%, 13/23)이 처음 이식 받은 흑염소(36.5%, 116/318)에 비해 수태율이 높았다(P<0.05). 이식한 부위에 따른 수태율은 좌측 난관에 이식한 흑염소(49.0%, 50/102)가 오른쪽 난관에 이식한 흑염소(35.9%, 46/128)에 비해 수태율이 더 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05), 황체의 발육 단계에 따른 수태율에서는 $CH_1$단계(47.5%, 57/120) 출혈체를 가진 수란 흑염소에서 $CH_3(17.9%,\;7/39)$의 출혈체를 가진 수란 흑염소보다 높은 수태율을 얻었다(P<0.01). 수정란의 발육단계에 따른 차이는 난관 이식의 경우에 1세포기 배가 이식된 수란 흑염소의 수태율(51.6%, 49/95)이 4세포기배를 이식한 경우(24.5%, 12/49)보다 높았다(P<0.01). 수정란의 수는 2개를 이식했을 때(27.%, 37/137)보다 3개를 이식했을 때(47.6%, 50/105) 더 높은 수태율을 얻었다(P<0.01). 수태율에 유의적인 영향이 없는 요인들은 난관 유착이나 자궁 유착, 난소 유착, 자궁각의 크기, 황체의 수, 대형 난포의 존재 유무, 이식의 난이도 등이었다 그러나, 중간 크기의 자궁을 가진 수란 흑염소(38.9%, 122/314)에서 직경 5mm 이하의 작은 자궁을 가진 수란 흑염소(20%, 1/5)나 20mm 이상의 큰 자궁을 가진 수란 흑염소(18.2%, 2/11)보다 수태율이 높은 경향을 보였고, 배란 황체가 있는 같은 쪽 난소에 대형 난포가 존재할 경우(53.3%, 16/30)에 존재하지 않는 경우(37.1%, 104/280)보다 수태율이 높아지는 경향을 보였으며, 이식이 쉽게 이루어진 경우(39.2%, 125/319)에 이식이 어렵거나(27.8%, 5/18) 곤란한 경우(0%, 0/3)에서보다 높은 수태율을 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서, 자궁각의 크기나 대형 난포의 존재 유무, 이식의 난이도 등도 수정란 이식 후의 수태율에 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 PI한 한국 흑염소 수정란의 이식 시 높은 수태율을 얻기 위해서는 수란 흑염소는 자연 발정 온 개체를 이용하고, 난관에 이식하고자하는 경우에는 난소에 $CH_1$ 단계의 출혈체가 존재하는 쪽 난관에 1세포기의 수정란을, 그리고 자궁에 이식하는 경우에는 난소에 발육 단계가 $CL_3$인 황체가 존재하는 쪽 자궁각에 중기 배반포나 후기 배반포를 이식하는 것이 가장 바람직하다는 결론을 얻었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Armstrong DT and Evans G. 1983. Factors influencing success of embryo transfer in sheep and goats. Theriogenology, 19:31-42 https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(83)90121-8
  2. Armstrong DT, Pfitzner AP, Warnes GM and Seamark RF. 1983. Superovulation treatments and embryo transfer in Angora goats. J. Reprod. Fert., 67:403-410 https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0670403
  3. Ebert KM, Selgrath JP, DiTullio P, Denman J, Smith TE, Memon MA, Schindler JE, Monastersky GM, Vitale JA and Gordon K 1991. Transgenic production of a variant of human tissue-type plasminogen activator in goat milk : generation of transgenic goats and analysis of Expression. Biotechnology, 9:835-838 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0991-835
  4. Gootwine E, Barash I, Bor A, Dekel I, Friedler A, Heller M, Zaharoni U, Zunue A and Shani M. 1997. Factors affecting success of embryo collection and transfer in a transgenic goat program. Theriogenology, 48:485-499 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(97)00257-4
  5. Hasler JF, McCauley AD, Lathrop WF and Foote RH. 1987. Effect of donor-embryo-recipient interactions on pregnancy rate in a large-scale bovine embryo transfer program. Theriogenology, 27: 139-168 https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(87)90075-6
  6. Hunter GL, Adams CE and Rowson LE. 1955. Inter-bred ovum transfer in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. (Camb.), 46:143-149 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600039897
  7. Ko JH, Lee CS, Kim KH, Pang MG, Koo JS, Fang N, Koo DB, Oh KB, Youn WS, Zheng GD, Park JS, Kim SJ, Han YM, Choi IY, Lim J, Shin ST, Jin SW, Lee KK and Yoo OJ. 2000. Production of biologically active human granulocyte colony stimulating factor in the milk of transgenic goat. Transgenic Res., 9:215-222 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008972010351
  8. Lee CS, Fang NZ, Koo DB, Lee YS, Zheng GD, Oh KB, Youn WS, Han YM, Kim SJ, Lim JH, Shin ST, Jin SW, Lee KS, Ko JH, Koo JS, Park CS, Lee KS, Yoo OJ and Lee KK 2000. Embryo recovery and transfer for the production of transgenic goats from Korean native strain, Capra hircus aegagrus. Small Ruminant Research, 37:57-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00139-X
  9. Park CS, Choe SY, Lee HJ and Lee JS. 1989. Studies on the technological. development of embryo transfer and manipulation in goats: I. Estrus induction and synchronization in goats. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 31:8-14
  10. Park CS, Choe SY, Lee HJ and Lee JS. 1991. Studies on the technological 'development 'of embryo transfer and manipulation in goats: II. Short estrus cycle following parturition or abortion in goats. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 33:281-287
  11. Park CS, Choe SY, Lee HJ and Lee JS. 1991. Studies on the technological development of embryo transfer and manipulation in goats: III. Induction of superovulation with PMSG or FSH in goats. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 33:288-293
  12. Park CS, Choe SY, Lee HJ and Lee JS. 1991. Studies on the technological development of embryo transfer and manipulation in goats: IV. Production of monozygotic twins by bisection of mouse and goat embryos. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 33:294-301
  13. Park CS, Choe SY, Lee HJ and Lee JS. 1991. Studies on the technological development of embryo transfer and manipulation in goats: V. Improvement of viability and conception rate following bisection and transfer of mouse and goat embryos. Korean J. Anim. Sci., 33:342-347
  14. Schneider HJ Jr, Castleberry RS and Griffin JL. 1980. Commercial aspects of bovine embryo transfer. Theriogenology, 13:73-85 https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(80)90016-3
  15. Selgrath JP, Memon MA, Smith TE and Ebert KM. 1990. Collection and transfer of microinjectable embryos from dairy goats. Theriogenology, 34:1195-1205 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(05)80018-4
  16. Sreenan JM and Diskin MG. 1987. Factors affecting pregnancy rate following embryo transfer in the cow. Theriogenology, 27:99-113 https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(87)90073-2
  17. Tervit HR, Gold PG and McKenzie RD. 1986. Development of an effective goat embryo transfer regime. Proc. NZ. Soc. Anim. Prod., 46:233-236
  18. Tervit HR 1987. Factors affecting the success of goat embryo transfers. Proc 4th AAAP. Anim. Sci. Congr., pp. 262-266
  19. Wall RJ, Hawk HW and Nel N. 1992. Making transgenic livestock: genetic engineering on a large scale. J. Cell Biochem., 49:113-120 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240490203
  20. Warwick BL and Barry RO. 1949. Inter-generic and Intra-specific embryo transfer in sheep and goats. J. Hered., 40:297-303 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105963
  21. Wright G, Carver A, Cottom D, Reeves D, Scott A, Simons P, Wilmut I, Garner I and Colman A. 1991. High level expression of active human alpha-1-antitrypsin in the milk of transgenic sheep. Biotechnology, 9:830-840 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0991-830
  22. Wright JM. 1981. Non-surgical embryo transfer in cattle: embryorecipient interactions. Theriogenology, 15:43-56 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(81)80017-9
  23. 나진수, 김용식, 강병규. 1987. 재래산양의 수정란이식. 한국축산학회지, 29:295-302
  24. 이정호, 박항균, 신상태. 1989. 소 수정란이식에 있어서 수란우와 수정란의 조건이 수태율에 미치는 영향. 대한수의학회지, 29:61-68