Journal of Animal Science and Technology

  • 제49권6호
  • /
  • Pages.819-828
  • /
  • 2007
  • /
  • 2672-0191(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2055-0391(eISSN)
한국축산학회 (Korean Society of Animal Sciences and Technology)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

미생물제제의 첨가가 면양의 반추대사 및 젖소의 유생산성에 미치는 영향

Effect of Microbial Additives on Metabolic Characteristics in Sheep and Milking Performance of Lactating Dairy Cows

  • 김광림 (충북대학교 농업생명환경대학 축산학과) ;
  • 최선규 (충북대학교 농업생명환경대학 축산학과) ;
  • 최성호 (충북대학교 농업생명환경대학 축산학과) ;
  • 송만강 (충북대학교 농업생명환경대학 축산학과)
  • Kim, G.L. (Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Choi, S.K. (Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Choi, S.H. (Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Song, M.K. (Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University)
  • 발행 : 2007.12.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

지난 20여년 동안 항생제나 화학 요법의 문제점을 줄이고 외부 환경의 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 장내 미생물들의 균총을 유지시켜주기 위해 살아있는 미생물제제(direct-fed microbial agents, DFM)를 반추가축의 사료에 직접 첨가하고 있다. 반추동물 사료에도 생산성을 개선하기 위하여 여러 종류의 DFM이 널리 이용이 되고 있는데, DFM은 건물섭취량(dry matter intake, DMI)의 증가 및 반추위내에서의 영양소 분해율 향상 그리고 유생산량의 증가와 체온감소 등에 효과적이다(Piva 등, 1993; Higginb- otham 등, 1994; MacGilliard와 Stallings, 1998; Nocek와 Kautz, 2006). 대표적인 DFM으로는 효모균, 곰팡이, 박테리아 및 세포 구성물질 등이 이에 속한다(Beharka와 Nagaraja, 1993; Sullivan과 Martin 1999). 효모 및 효모배양물은 대표적인 DFM의 한 종류인데, 반추가축에게 효모(yeast) 및 효모 배양물(yeast culture)을 급여하였을 때 반추위 내 발효 특성을 변화시키고(Harrison 등, 1988; Martin과 Nisbet, 1990) 반추위 내에서 조단백질과 조섬유의 반추위내 분해율을 개선시키며(Gomez-Alarcon 등, 1990; Williams 등, 1991), 체내 전장소화율(Gomez-Alarcon 등, 1990; Wiede- mier 등, 1987)을 향상시키는 효과가 있다고 보고된 바 있다. 한편, 일반적으로 대부분의 Clostridium 균들은 독소를 생산하거나 인체에 유해한 물질들을 생산하여 사람과 가축에게 좋지 않은 영향을 주고 있으나, Clostridium butyricum은 장내 유익한 균으로서 유산균과의 공생이 가능하고 반추위 내에서 주요 VFA 생산에 관여하기도 하며(Araki 등, 2002a, 2002b) 많은 종류의 비타민 B군을 생산하여 유산균이 이용할 수 있게 한다. 또한 생산되어진 acetic acid와 butyric acid는 장관 상피세포를 흡수되어 상피세포에서 에너지원으로 사용되어진다고 하였다(김 등, 2001). 낙산균은 주로 단위동물에서 사용되어 왔는데, 일부 복합생균제의 형태로 사용하였을 경우 유해세균이 장 점막을 침입하는 것을 방지하고(Fuller와 Brooker, 1974), butyric acid를 생산하여 장내 pH를 저하시키며 항균작용(Under-dahl 등, 1982)을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. S. cerevisiae는 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 균주로써 이의 효과와 효능에 관한 연구는 비육우와 착유우를 대상으로 많이 이루어져 왔지만, 낙산균은 일부 국내 젖소 사육농가에서 사용되고 있음에도 불구하고 이에 대한 연구는 단위동물 및 어린송아지의 경우(최 등, 1991)를 제외하고는 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 S. cerevisiae 및 C. butyricum을 단독으로 또는 혼합하여 급여할 때 면양에서의 반추위내 발효성상과 소화율, 그리고 젖소를 이용한 사양시험을 통해 산유량과 유조성에 미치는 효과를 비교하기 위하여 실시되었다.

Two experiments were conducted to observe the effects of direct fed microbials on metabolic characteristics in sheep and milking performance in dairy cows. A metabolic trial with four ruminally cannulated sheep(60±6kg) was conducted in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the supplementation effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum or mixed microbes of S. cerevisiae and C. butyricum on ruminal fermentation characteristics and whole tract digestibility. Sheep were fed 1.25 kg of total mixed ration(TMR, DM basis) supplemented with S. cerevisiae (2.5g/day), C. butyricum (1.0g/day) or its mixture(S. cerevisiae 1.25g/day+C. butyricum 1g/day), twice daily in an equal volume. But control sheep were fed only TMR. A feeding trial with 28 lactating Holstein cattle was also conducted for 12 weeks to investigate the effects of the same microbial supplements as for the metabolic trial on milking performance. The cows were fed the TMR(control), and fed S. cerevisiae(50g/day), C. butyricum(15g/day) or its mixture (S. cerevisiae 25g/day + C. butyricum 7.5g/day) with upper layer dressing method. Total VFA concentration and the digestibility of whole digestive tract in the sheep increased by supplementation of S. cerevisiae, C. butyricum or their combined microbials compare to control group. The proportion of propionic acid at 1h(P<0.039) and 3h(P<0.022) decreased by supplementation of S. cerevisiae while tended to increase acetic acid proportion at the same times. Daily dry matter intake(DMI) was not influenced by the microbial treatments, but milk yield(P<0.031) and feed efficiency(milk yield/DMI, P<0.043) were higher for the cow received C. butyricum than those for other treatments. The milk fat content was higher (P<0.085) when cows fed S. cerevisiae(4.11%) than that fed the control (4.08%), the diets with C. butyricum (3.85%) and the microbial mixture. Based on the results obtained from the current experiments, supplementation of C. butyricum or mixture with S. cerevisiae might be increased milk fat content and milk productivity of lactating daily cows. (Key words:Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clostridium butyricum, Fermentation characteristics,

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Adams, D. C, Galyean, M. L., Kiesling, H. E., Wallace, J. D. and Finker, M. D. 1981. Influence of viable yeast culture, sodium bicarbonate and monensin on liquid dilution rate, rumen fermentation and feedlot performance of growing steers and digestibility in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 53:780
  2. AOAC. 1984. Official Methods of Analysis(14th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C
  3. Araki, Y., Andoh, A. Fujiyama, Y., Takizawa, J., Takizawa, W. and Bamba, T. 2002a. Oral administration of a product derived from Clostridium butyricum in rats. Int. J. Mol. Med. 9, 53-57
  4. Araki, Y., Andoh, A., Fujiyama, A., Takizawa, J., Takizawa, A. and Bamba, T. 2002b. Short-term oral administration of a product derived from a probiotic, Clostridium butyricum induced no pathological effects in rats. Int. J. Mol. Med. 9. 173-177
  5. Beharka, A. A. and Nagaraja, T. G. 1993. Effects of Aspergillus oryzae extract on in vitro fiber digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 78:573-581 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76668-1
  6. Chademana, I. and Offer, N. W. 1990. The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast culture on digestion in the sheep. Anim. Prod. 50:483 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100004967
  7. Dawson, K. A., Newman, K. E. and Boling, J. A. 1990. Effects of microbial supplements containing yeast and lactobacilli on roughage-fed ruminal microbial activities. J. Anim. Sci. 68:3392
  8. Erasmus, L. J., Robinson, P. H., Ahmadi, A., Hinders, R. and Garrett, J. E. 2005. Influence of prepartum and postpartum supplementation of a yeast culture and monensin, or both, on ruminal fermentation and performance of multiparous dairy cows. Animal Feed Sci. and Tech. 122:219-239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.004
  9. Erasmus, L. J., Botha, P. M. and Kistner, A. 1992. Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation, and doudenal digesta flow in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75:3056 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78069-2
  10. Fawcett, J. K. and Scott, J. E. 1960. A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J. Clin. Pathol. 13:156 https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.13.2.156
  11. Fuller R. and Brooker, B. E. 1974. Lactobacilli which attach to the crop epithelium of the fowl. Am J Clin Nutr. 27(11):1305-1312 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/27.11.1305
  12. Gomez-Alarcon, R. A., Dudas, C. and Huber, J. T. 1990. Influence of cultures of Aspergillus oryzae on rumen and total tract digestibility of dietary components. J. Dairy Sci. 73:703
  13. Harrison, G. A., Hemken, R. W., Dawson, K. A., Harmon, R. J. and Barker, K. B. 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. J. Dairy. Sci. 71:2967 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79894-X
  14. Higginbotham, G. E., Collar, C. A., Aseltine, M. S. and Bath, D. L. 1994. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a ommercial dairy herd. J. Dairy Sci. 77:343-348 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)76960-5
  15. MaGilliard, M. L. and Stallings, C. C. 1988. Increase milk yield of commercial dairy herds fed a microbial and enzyme supplement. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1353-1357 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75698-X
  16. Martin, S. A. and Nisbet, D. J. 1990. Effects of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on fermentation of amino acids, bermudagrass and starch by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 68:2142
  17. Martin, S. A. and Nisbet, D. J. 1992. Effect of direct-fed microbials on rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1736
  18. Mutsvangwa, T., Edwards, I. E., Topps, J. H. and Paterson, G. F. M. 1992. The effect of dietary inclusion of yeast culture (Yea-Sacc) on patterns of rumen fermentation, food intake and growth of intensively fed bulls. Anim. Prod. 55:35
  19. Newbold, C. J., Wallace, R. J. and Mcintosh, F. M. 1995. Different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae differ in their effects on ruminal bacterial numbers in vitro and in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1811-1818
  20. Nocek, J. E. and Kautz, W. P. 2006. Drect-fed microbial supplementation on ruminal digestion, health, and performance of Pre- and Postpartum dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 89:260-266 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72090-2
  21. Oetzel., G. R., Emery, K. M., Kautz, W. P. and Nocek, J. E. 2007. Direct-fed microbial supplementation and health and performance of pre- and postpartum dairy cattle: A field trial. J. Dairy Sci. 90:2058-2068 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-484
  22. Piva, G., Belladonna, S., Fusconi, G. and Sicbaldi, F. 1993. Effects of yeast on dairy cow performance, ruminal fermentation, blood components, and milk manufacturing properties. J. Dairy Sci. 76:2717-2722 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77608-0
  23. Rose, A. H. 1980. Recent research on industrially important strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In: F. A. Skinner, S. M. Passmore and R. R. Daven port(ed.) Biology and Activities of Yeasta. The Society for Applied Bacteriology Symposium Series 9:103. Academic press. London
  24. SAS. 1985. SAS User's Guide: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Inc., Cary, NC
  25. Sullivan, H. M. and Martin, S. A. 1999. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on in vitro mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 82:2011-2016 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75438-X
  26. Steel, R. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Mcgraw Hill Book Co., NY
  27. Underdahl, R., Torres-Medina, A. and Doster, A. R. 1982. Effect of Streptococcus faecium C-68 in control of Escherichia coli induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43:2227-2232
  28. Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. 1991. Methods for fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  29. Wallace, R. J. and Newbold, C. J. 1993. Rumen fermentation and its manipulation: the development of yeast cultures as feed additives. In: Biotechnology in the Feed Industry (Ed.: Lyons, T.P.). Alltech Technical Publications, Nicholasville, Kentucky, 173-192
  30. Wiedmeier, R. D., Arambel, M. J. and Walters, J. L. 1987. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility. J. Dairy Sci. 70:2063 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80254-0
  31. Williams, P. E. V., Walker, A. and MacRae, J. C. 1990. Rumen probiosis: The effects of addition of yeast culture (viable yeast {Saccharomyces cerevisiae + growth medium}) on duodenal protein flow in wether sheep Proc. Nutr. Soc. 49:128A (Abstr.)
  32. Williams, P. E. V., Tait, C. A. G., Innes, G. M. and Newbold, C. J. 1991. Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium) in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and fermentation patterns in the rumen of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 69:3016
  33. Yoon, I. K. and Stern, M. D. 1996. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus oryzae cultures on ruminal fermentation in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 79:411-417 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76380-4
  34. 김재황, 김창현, 고영두. 2001. 복합생균제 ($Economix^{\circledR}$)의 사료내 첨가가 착유우의 생산성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향. 한국동물자원과학회지. 43(3):369-380
  35. 최재국, 고영균, 홍병주. 1991. 생균제 급여가 송아지 육성 성적에 미치는 영향. 한국축산학회지. 33(2): 144

피인용 문헌

  1. Effect of feeding mixed microbial culture fortified with trace minerals on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and trace mineral balance in Sheep vol.58, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-016-0102-8