Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

  • 제20권7호
  • /
  • Pages.1135-1155
  • /
  • 2007
  • /
  • 1011-2367(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1976-5517(eISSN)
아세아태평양축산학회 (Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Selenium in Food Chain and Animal Nutrition: Lessons from Nature -Review-

  • Lyons, M.P. (Alltech, Inc.) ;
  • Papazyan, T.T. (Alltech Russia) ;
  • Surai, P.F. (Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow)
  • 투고 : 2006.10.08
  • 심사 : 2007.02.07
  • 발행 : 2007.07.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Selenium is considered to be one of the most controversial trace elements. On the one hand, it is toxic at high doses and there is a great body of information related to environmental issues of Se contamination. On the other hand, Se deficiency is a global problem related to an increased susceptibility to various diseases of animals and humans and decreased productive and reproductive performance of farm animals. Optimisation of Se nutrition of poultry and farm animals will result in increased efficiency of egg, meat and milk production and even more important, will improve quality. From the data presented in the review it is clear that the main lesson which we have to learn from nature is how to use organic selenium in animal and human diets. Selenium-enriched yeast (Sel-Plex) is the result of such a lesson and it is just a matter of time before animal nutrition moves completely from using ineffective sodium selenite to organic selenium. Other lessons from nature will follow. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics, in association with descriptions of new selenoproteins, will be a driving force in reconsidering old approaches related to Se nutrition. Probably 90% of all Se research has been conducted with sodium selenite and we now understand that the natural form of selenium is different. The main advances in Se status assessment and Se requirements were established based on the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), an enzyme which for many years was considered to be the main selenoprotein. Recently it was discovered that it is only one of at least 25 various selenoproteins. Se research and practical applications are developing quickly and they are very exciting and promising.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Agate, D. D., E. E. O'Dea and M. E. Rustad. 2000. Effects of dietary selenium on laying hen fertility as assessed by the perivitelline sperm hole assay. Proceedings of the Poultry Research and Production Symposium, Alberta Poultry Research Centre, pp. 1-4.
  2. Alfthan, G., G. L. Xu, W. H. Tan, A. Aro, J. Wu, Y. X. Yang, W. S. Liang, W. L. Xue and L. H. Kong. 2000. Selenium supplementation of children in a selenium-deficient area in China: blood selenium levels and glutathione peroxidase activities. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 73:113-125. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:73:2:113
  3. Anciuti, M. A., F. Rutz, L. A. Da Silva, R. C. Cosenza and R. G. Da Silva. 2004. Effect of replacement of dietary inorganic by organic selenium (Sel-Plex) on performance of broilers. Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium (Suppl. 1), May 22-26, 2004, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, p. 14.
  4. Aspila, P. 1991. Metabolism of selenite, selenomethionine and feed-incorporated selenium in lactating goats and dairy cows. J. Agric. Sci. Finland. 63:1-74.
  5. Awadeh, F. T., R. L. Kincaid and K. A. Johnson. 1998. Effect of level and source of dietary selenium on concentrations of thyroid hormones and immunoglobulins in beef cows and calves. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1204-1215. https://doi.org/10.2527/1998.7641204x
  6. Awadeh, F. T., M. M. Abdelrahman, R. L. Kincaid and J. W. Finley. 1998a. Effect of selenium supplements on the distribution of selenium among serum proteins in cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1089-1094. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75670-X
  7. Bansal, M. P. and T. Kaur. 2002. Growth characteristics and selenium status changes of yeast cells with inorganic and organic selenium supplementation: selenium, a chemopreventive agent. J. Med. Food. 5:85-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/109662002760178168
  8. Beilstein, M. A. and P. W. Whanger. 1988. Glutathione peroxidase activity and chemical forms of selenium in tissues of rats given selenite or selenomethionine. J. Inorg. Biochem. 33:31-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(88)80032-1
  9. Beilstein, M. A., P. D. Whanger and G. Q. Yang. 1991. Chemical forms of selenium in corn and rice grown in a high selenium area of China. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 4:392-398.
  10. Bergman, K. and P. Slanina. 1986. Effects of dietary selenium compounds on benzo (a)-pyrene-induced forestomach tumours and whole-blood glutathione peroxidase activities in C3H mice. Anticancer Res. 6:785-790.
  11. Block, E., R. S. Glass, N. E. Jacobsen, S. Johnson, C. Kahakachchi, R. Kaminski, A. Skowronska, H. T. Boakye, J. F. Tyson and P. C. Uden. 2004. Identification and Synthesis of a Novel Selenium-Sulfur Amino Acid Found in Selenized Yeast: Rapid Indirect Detection NMR Methods for Characterizing Low-Level Organoselenium Compounds in Complex Matrices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:3761-3771. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049887z
  12. Bobcek, R., J. Mrazova, B. Bobcek and R. Lahucky. 2004. The influence of organic selenium on the production parameters and pig meat quality. J. Centr. Eur. Agric. 5:69.
  13. Bogye, G., G. Alfthan and T. Machay. 1998. Bioavailability of enteral yeast-selenium in preterm infants. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 65:143-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02784266
  14. Botero, D., B. Gereben, C. Goncalves, L. A. De Jesus, J. W. Harney and A. C. Bianco. 2002. Ubc6p and ubc7p are required for normal and substrate-induced endoplasmic reticulumassociated degradation of the human selenoprotein type 2 iodothyronine monodeiodinase. Mol. Endocrinol. 16:1999-2007. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2002-0135
  15. Broadley, M. R., P. J. White, R. J. Bryson, M. C. Meacham, H. C. Bowen, S. E. Johnson, M. J. Hawkesford, S. P. McGrath, F. J. Zhao, N. Breward, M. Harriman and M. Tucker. 2006. Biofortification of UK food crops with selenium. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 65:169-181. https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2006490
  16. Brody, T. 1994. Nutritional Biochemistry. Academic Press, Inc. New York, NY.
  17. Bugel, S., B. Sandstrom and L. H. Skibsted. 2004. Pork meat: a good source of selenium? J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 17:307-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0946-672X(04)80033-6
  18. Burk, R. F., K. E. Hill and A. K. Motley. 2001. Plasma selenium in specific and non-specific forms. Biofactors 14:107-114. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520140115
  19. Butler, J. A., C. D. Thomson, P. D. Whanger and M. F. Robinson. 1991. Selenium distribution in blood fractions of New Zealand women taking organic or inorganic selenium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53:748-754. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.3.748
  20. Butler, J. A., P. D. Whanger, A. J. Kaneps and N. M. Patton. 1990. Metabolism of selenite and selenomethionine in the rhesus monkey. J. Nutr. 120:751-759. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/120.7.751
  21. Burk, R. F. and K. E. Hill. 1994. Selenoprotein P. A selenium-rich extracellular glycoprotein. J. Nutr. 124:1891-1897. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.10.1891
  22. Cantor, A. H., N. D. Paton, A. J. Pescatore, M. J. Ford and C. A. Smith. 2003. The effect of selenium yeast in the hen's diet on transfer of selenium to the egg and the developing embryo. Krmiva 45: 327-334.
  23. Cao, Z. H., X. C. Wang, D. H. Yao, X. L. Zhang and M. H. Wong. 2001. Selenium geochemistry of paddy soils in Yangtze River Delta. Environ. Int. 26:335-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00009-5
  24. Choct, M. and A. J. Naylor. 2004. The effect of dietary selenium source and vitamin E levels on performance of male broilers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:1000-1006 https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2004.1000
  25. Close, W. H. 2003. Organic selenium may improve sow, piglet performance. Feedstuffs 75:8.
  26. Combs, G. F. and S. B. Combs. 1984. The nutritional biochemistry of selenium. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 4:257-280. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.001353
  27. Combs, G. F. Jr. and S. B. Combs. 1986. The Role of Selenium in Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc. New York.
  28. Conrad, H. R. and A. L. Moxon. 1979. Transfer of dietary selenium to milk. J. Dairy Sci. 62:404-411. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83259-2
  29. Curcio, C., M. M. Baqui, D. Salvatore, B. H. Rihn, S. Mohr, J. W. Harney, P. R. Larsen and A.C. Bianco. 2001. The human type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is a selenoprotein highly expressed in a mesothelioma cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 276:30183-30187. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C100325200
  30. Daniels, L. A. 1996. Selenium metabolism and bioavailability. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 54:185-199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02784430
  31. Deagen, J. T., J. A. Butler, M. A. Beilstein and P. D. Whanger. 1987. Effects of dietary selenite, selenocystine and selenomethionine on selenocysteine lyase and glutathione peroxidase activities and on selenium levels in rat tissues. J. Nutr. 117:1-98. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/117.1.1
  32. Demirci, A., A. L. Pometto and D. J. Cox. 1999. Enhanced organically bound selenium yeast production by fed-batch fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 2496-2500. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf9811976
  33. Diaz, D. E., M. Casagrandi, A. Tampieri, L. Piccinni and P. Geliot. 2004. Increases in milk selenium concentrations and decreases in somatic cell counts in dairy cattle consuming selenium yeast (Sel-$Plex^{TM}$). Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Kentucky (Suppl. 1) Abstracts of Posters Presented, p.24.
  34. Dorea, J.G. 2002. Selenium and breast-feeding. Brit. J. Nut. 88:443-461. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002692
  35. Ducros, V., F. Laporte, N. Belin, A. David and A. Favier. 2000. Selenium determination in human plasma lipoprotein fractions by mass spectrometry analysis. J. Inorg. Biochem. 81:105-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0134(00)00071-4
  36. Edens, F. W. 1996. Organic selenium: from feathers to muscle integrity to drip loss. Five years onward: no more selenite! In: Biotechnology in the Feed industry. Proceedings of 12th Alltech's Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and. K. A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. pp. 165-185.
  37. Edens, F. W. 1997. Potential for organic selenium to replace selenite in poultry diets. Zootecnica Intern. 20:28-31.
  38. Edens, F. W. 2001. Involvement of Sel-Plex in physiological stability and performance of broiler chickens. In: Biotechnology in the Feed industry. Proceedings of 17th Alltech's Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. pp. 349-376.
  39. Edens, F. W. 2002. Practical applications for selenomethionine: broiler breeder reproduction. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proceedings of 18th Alltech's Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. pp. 29-42.
  40. Edens, F. W. and K. M. Gowdy. 2004. Field results with broilers fed selenium yeast. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium (Suppl. 1), May 22-26, 2004, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, p. 32.
  41. Edens, F. W. and A. E. Sefton. 2003. Sel-Plex in broiler breeder diets: improved performance. Poster presented at Alltech's 19th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Ky, May 12-14, 2003, CD-ROM.
  42. Ehlig, C. F., D. E. Hogue, W. H. Allaway and D. J. Hamm. 1967. Fate of selenium from selenite or seleno-methionine, with or without vitamin E, in lambs. J. Nutr. 92:121-126. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/92.1.121
  43. Ekholm, P., P. Varo, P. Aspila, P. Koivistoinen and L. Syrjalaqvist. 1991. Transport of feed selenium to different tissues of bulls. Br. J. Nutr. 66:49-55. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19910008
  44. Eliott, S., G. Harrison and K. Dawson 2005. Selenium supplementation of dairy cattle: responses to organic and inorganic forms of selenium. Proc. Midwestern section ASAS and Midwest Branch ADSA Meeting, Des Moines. Abstr. 265.
  45. Erokhin, A. S. and V. V. Nikonov. 2001. Improvement of the reproductive function of cows after parenteral injection of DAFS-25. Russian Agric. Sci. 9:25-27.
  46. Encinar, J. R., R. Ruzik, W. Buchmann, J. Tortajada, R. Lobinski and J. Szpunar. 2003. Detection of selenocompounds in a tryptic digest of yeast selenoprotein by MALDI time-of-flight MS prior to their structural analysis by electrospray ionization triple quadrupole MS. Analyst. 128:220-224. https://doi.org/10.1039/b212262f
  47. Fisher, D. D., S. W. Saxton, R. D. Elliot and J. M. Beatty. 1995. Effects of selenium source on Se status of lactating cows. Vet. Clin. Nutr. 2:68-74.
  48. Foltys, V., R. Bobcek, K. Kirchenkova and I. Straka. 2004. Effect of Sel-Plex supplementation on milk selenium and somatic cell counts in a commercial dairy herd. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Kentucky (Suppl. 1) Abstracts of Posters Presented, p. 27.
  49. Gallegos, A., M. Berggren, J. R. Gasdaska and G. Powis. 1997. Mechanisms of the regulation of thioredoxin reductase activity in cancer cells by the chemopreventive agent selenium. Cancer Res. 57:4965-4970.
  50. Gassner, N. C., W. A. Baase, A. C. Hausrath and B. W. Matthews. 1999. Substitution with selenomethionine can enhance the stability of methionine-rich proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 294:17-20. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1999.3220
  51. Goh, K. H. and T. T. Lim. 2004. Geochemistry of inorganic arsenic and selenium in a tropical soil: effect of reaction time, pH, and competitive anions on arsenic and selenium adsorption. Chemosphere 55:849-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.041
  52. Gourley, G. G., J. F. Lampe, J. C. Sparks and T. T. Stumpf. 2005. Piglet survivability and performance: Sel-Plex versus sodium selenite in sow and nursery diets. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 153-156.
  53. Gowdy, K. M., F. W. Edens and M. A. Qureshi. 2003. Toxic influence of selenite on development and immunity in broiler chickens. Poster presented at Alltech's 19th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Ky, May 12-14, 2003, CD-Room.
  54. Gu, Q. P., W. Ream and P. D. Whanger. 2002. Selenoprotein W gene regulation by selenium in L8 cells. Biometals 15:411-420. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020241032336
  55. Gu, Q. P., Y. M. Xia, P. C. Ha, J. A. Butler and P. D. Whanger. 1998. Distribution of selenium between plasma fractions in guinea pigs and humans with various intakes of dietary selenium. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 12:8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0946-672X(98)80015-1
  56. Gunter, S. A., P. A. Beck and J. K. Phillips. 2003. Effects of supplementary selenium source on the performance and blood measurements in beef cows and their calves. J. Anim. Sci. 81:856-864. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.814856x
  57. Harrison, G. A., J. M. Tricarico and B. Lawrence. 2005. Effect of Sel-$Plex^{TM}$ supplementation during the dry period on whole blood and colostrum selenium in dairy cows in a commercial dairy herd in the Southeastern US. Proceedings of the 21th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Kentucky (Suppl. 1) Abstracts of Posters Presented.
  58. Harrison, G. A., J. M. Tricarico and J. N. Tikofsky. 2005a. Effect of Sel-PlexTM supplementation to lactating dairy cows on blood and milk selenium in a commercial dairy herd in the Northeastern US. Proceedings of the 21th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Kentucky (Suppl. 1) Abstracts of Posters Presented.
  59. Harrison, G. A., J. M. Tricarico and S. A. Eliott. 2005b. Effect of Sel-$Plex^{TM}$ supplementation on milk production, composition, and somatic cell count of lactating dairy cows in commercial dairy herds. 1. Whole herd responses. Proceedings of the 21th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Kentucky (Suppl. 1) Abstracts of Posters Presented.
  60. Haygarth, P. M., A. F. Harrison and K. C. Jones. 1995. Plant selenium from soil and the atmosphere. J. Environ. Quality 24:768-771. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400040030x
  61. Hemken, R. W., R. J. Harmon and S. Trammell. 1998. Selenium for dairy cattle: a role for organic selenium. Feed Compounder 18:22-24.
  62. Hinojosa Reyes, L., J. M. Marchante-Gayon, J. I. Garcia Alonso and A. Sanz-Medel. 2006. Application of isotope dilution analysis for the evaluation of extraction conditions in the determination of total selenium and selenomethionine in yeastbased nutritional supplements. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54:1557-1563. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0523768
  63. Hondal, R. J., A. K. Motley, K. E. Hill and R. F. Burk. 1999. Failure of selenomethionine residues in albumin and immunoglobulin G to protect against peroxynitrite. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 371:29-34. https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1999.1435
  64. Huang ZhiJian, Lin Fan Ping, Qiu Chen Liang, Luo Jin Mu and Wu Yi Shan. 2002. Effects of selenium on reproductive performances and immune functions in dairy cows. Journal of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University 31:76-79.
  65. Ip, C., M. Birringer, E. Block, M. Kotrebai, J. F. Tyson, P. C. Uden and D. J. Lisk. 2000. Chemical speciation influences comparative activity of selenium-enriched garlic and yeast in mammary cancer prevention. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48:2062-2070. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000051f
  66. Ip, C. and C. Hayes. 1989. Tissue selenium levels in selenium-supplemented rats and their relevance in mammary cancer protection. Carcinogenesis 10:921-925. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/10.5.921
  67. Janyk, S. W. 2001. A selenium supplement for sows. Pig. International 31:19-20.
  68. Janyk, W. S., D. J. Opperman, C. C. Rall, P. L. Opperman and A. T. Browne. 1998. Effect of organic or inorganic selenium and vitamin E supplementation on the reproductive performance of sows. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Animal Science Meeting, Seoul, July 1998.
  69. Jonnalagadda, S. B. and P. V. Rao. 1993. Toxicity, bioavailability and metal speciation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106C:585-595.
  70. Khaled, N. F. and J. Illek. 1999. Influence of dietary supplementation of selenium-enriched yeast on selenium status of dairy goats. Proceedings of the 19th Conference on Macro and Trace Elements. Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany, December 3-4, pp. 244-251.
  71. Kim, B. W., A. M. Zavacki, C. Curcio-Morelli, M. Dentice, J. W. Harney, P. R. Larsen and A. C. Bianco. 2003. ER-associated degradation of the human type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is mediated via an association between mammalian UBC7 and the carboxyl region of D2. Mol. Endocrinol. 17:2603-2612. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2003-0082
  72. Kim, Y. Y. and D. C. Mahan. 2001. Prolonged feeding of high dietary levels of organic and inorganic selenium to gilts from 25 kg body weight through one parity. J. Anim. Sci. 79:956-966. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.794956x
  73. Kim, Y. Y. and D. C. Mahan. 2001a. Comparative effects of high dietary levels of organic and inorganic selenium on selenium toxicity of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:942-948. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.794942x
  74. Kim, Y. Y. and D. C. Mahan. 2001b. Effect of dietary selenium source, level, and pig hair color on various selenium indices. J. Anim. Sci. 79:949-955. https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.794949x
  75. Kim, Y. Y. and D. C. Mahan. 2003. Biological aspects of selenium in farm animals. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16:435-444. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.435
  76. Klecker, D., L. Zeaman and A. Bunesova. 1997. Effect of organic selenium on the quality parameters of eggs. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Animal Production, Vienna, August 25-28, 1997, p. 89.
  77. Klecker, D., M. Zantlokaul and L. Zeaman. 2001. Effect of organic selenium, zink and manganese on reproductive traits of laying hens and cockerels on the quality parameters of eggs. Proceedings of the 13th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Blankenberge, Belgium, October, 2001.
  78. Knowles, S. O., N. D. Grace, K. Wurms and J. Lee. 1999. Significance of amount and form of dietary selenium on blood, milk, and casein selenium concentrations in grazing cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:429-443. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75249-5
  79. Korhola, M., A. Vainio and K. Edelmann. 1986. Selenium yeast. Ann. Clin. Res. 18:65-68.
  80. Kremer, D., G. Ilgen and J. Feldmann. 2005. GC-ICP-MS determination of dimethylselenide in human breath after ingestion of (77)Se-enriched selenite: monitoring of in-vivo methylation of selenium. Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chem. 383:509-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-0001-1
  81. Kuehnelt, D., N. Kienzl, P. Traar, N. H. Le, K. A. Francesconi and T. Ochi. 2005. Selenium metabolites in human urine after ingestion of selenite, L:-selenomethionine, or DL: -selenomethionine: a quantitative case study by HPLC/ICPMS. Analyt. Bioanalyt. Chem. 383:235-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-0007-8
  82. Lampe, J., G. Gourley, J. Sparks and T. Stumpf. 2005. Prewean piglet survivability: Sel-$Plex^{\circledx}$ verse sodium selenite as selenium source in sow diets. Proceedings of Midwest Section of ASAS, DesMoines, IA.
  83. Lampe, J., G. Gourley, J. Sparks and T. Stumpf. 2005a. Postwean piglet survivability: Sel-$Plex^{\circledx}$ verse sodium selenite as selenium source in sow and nursery phase diets. Proceedings of Midwest Section of ASAS, DesMoines, IA.
  84. Lanning, D., K. Ayres and S. Kenyon. 2000. Sel-Plex in the breeder diet: reductions in chick mortality: summary of commercial studies in Britain 2000. Alltech UK, Stamford, Lincs. UK
  85. Larsen, E. H., M. Hansen, H. Paulin, S. Moesgaard, M. Reid and M. Rayman. 2004. Speciation and bioavailability of selenium in yeast-based intervention agents used in cancer chemoprevention studies. J. AOAC Intern. 87:225-232.
  86. Larsen, E. H., M. Hansen, T. Fan and M. Vahl. 2001. Speciation of selenoamino acids, selenium ions and inorganic selenium by ion exchange HPLC with mass spectrometric detection and its application to yeast and algae. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16:1403-1408. https://doi.org/10.1039/b106355n
  87. Levander, O. A. 1983. Bio-availability of selenium to Finnish men as assessed by platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and other blood parameters. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37:887-897. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/37.6.887
  88. Liang, L., S. Mo, P. Zhang, Y. Ca, S. Mou, G. Jiang and M. Wen. 2006. Selenium speciation by high-performance anionexchange chromatography-post-column UV irradiation coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 1118:139-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.113
  89. Luo, X. M., H. J. Wei, C. L. Yang, J. Xing, X. Liu, C. H. Qiao, Y. M. Feng, J. Liu, Y. X. Liu and Q. Wu. 1985. Bioavailability of selenium to residents in a low-selenium area of China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42:439-448. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/42.3.439
  90. Lyons, G., J. Stangoulis and R. Graham. 2003. High-selenum wheat: biofortification for better health. Nutr. Res. Rev. 16:45-60. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200255
  91. MacPherson, A. 2000. Trace mineral status of forages. In: (Ed. D. I. Givens, E. Owen, H. M. Omedand R. F. E. Axford) Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition, CAB International, pp. 345-371.
  92. Mahan, D. C. 2000. Effect of organic and inorganic selenium sources and levels on sow colostrum and milk selenium content. J. Anim. Sci. 78:100-105. https://doi.org/10.2527/2000.781100x
  93. Mahan, D. C. 1996. Are we still having vitamin E and selenium deficiencies in pigs? In: Illini PorkNet Papers, The Online Resource for the Pork Industry, pp. 1-21. http://www.traill.uiuc.edu/uploads/porknet/papers/mahan%2Epdf
  94. Mahan, D. C. 1991. Vitamin E and selenium in swine nutrition. In: Swine Nutrition (Ed. E. R. Miller, D. E. Ullrey and A. J. Lewis), Butterworth-Heineman, Boston, MA, pp. 193-214.
  95. Mahan, D. C. 1994. Effects of dietary vitamin E on sow reproductive performance over a five-parity period. J. Anim. Sci. 72:2870-2879. https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.72112870x
  96. Mahan, D. C. and Y. Y. Kim. 1996. Effect of inorganic or organic selenium at two dietary levels on reproductive performance and tissue selenium concentrations in first-parity gilts and their progeny. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2711-2718. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.74112711x
  97. Mahan, D. C. and J. C. Peters. 2004. Long-term effects of dietary organic and inorganic selenium sources and levels on reproducing sows and their progeny. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1343-1358. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.8251343x
  98. Mahan, D. C., T. R. Cline and B. Richert. 1999. Effects of dietary levels of selenium-enriched yeast and sodium selenite as selenium sources fed to growing-finishing pigs on performance, tissue selenium, serum glutathione peroxidase activity, carcass characteristics, and loin quality. J. Anim. Sci. 77:2172-2179. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7782172x
  99. Mahan, D. C. and Y. Y. Kim. 1996. Effect of inorganic or organic selenium at two dietary levels on reproductive performance and tissue selenium concentrations in first-parity gilts and their progeny. J. Anim. Sci. 74:2711-2718. https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.74112711x
  100. Mahan, D. C. and K. Jacques. 1998. Effect of maternal dietary selenium source on selenium content of sow' milk and selenium status of neonatal pigs. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Uses of Selenium and Tellurium. Selenium-Tellurium Development Association, USA, pp. 135-138.
  101. Mahmoud, K. Z. and F. W. Edens. 2003. Influence of selenium sources on age-related and mild heat stress-related changes of blood and liver glutathione redox cycle in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 136B:921-934.
  102. Malbe, M., M. Klaassen, W. Fang, V. Myllys, M. Vikerpuur, K. Nyholm, S. Sankari, K. Suoranta and M. Sandholm. 1995. Comparisons of selenite and selenium yeast feed supplements on Se-incorporation, mastitis and leukocyte function in Sedeficient dairy cows. J. Vet. Med. A 42:111-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1995.tb00362.x
  103. McIntosh, G. H. and P. J. Royle. 2002. Supplementation of cows with organic selenium and the identification of selenium-rich protein fraction in milk. In: Nutritional Technology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proceedings of Alltech' 18th Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and Jacques). pp. 233-238.
  104. McSheehy, S., L. Yang, R. Sturgeon and Z. Mester. 2005. Determination of methionine and selenomethionine in selenium-enriched yeast by species-specific isotope dilution with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. Anal. Chem. 77:344-349. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac048637e
  105. McSheehy, S., J. Kelly, L. Tessier and Z. Mester. 2005a. Identification of selenomethionine in selenized yeast using two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis. Analyst 130:35-37. https://doi.org/10.1039/b414246b
  106. Miller, K. D., B. Wolter, F. K. McKeith, D. C. Mahan and M. Ellis. 1997. Influence of Dietary Selenium Source on Pig Performance. J. Anim. Sci. 75(Supp. 1):187
  107. Moreno, P., M. A. Quijano, A. M. Gutierrez, M. C. Perez-Conde and C. Camara. 2002. Stability of total selenium and selenium species in lyophilised oysters and in their enzymatic extracts. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 374:466-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1497-2
  108. Moser-Veillon, P. B., A. R. Mangels, K. Y. Patterson and C. Veillon. 1992. Utilization of two different chemical forms of selenium during lactation using stable isotope tracers: an example of speciation in nutrition. Analyst 117:559-562. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9921700559
  109. Naylor, A. J., M. Choct and K. A. Jacques. 2000. Effects of selenium source and level on performance and meat quality in male broilers. Poult. Sci. 79(Suppl):117. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.1.117
  110. Okuno, T., T. Kubota, T. Kuroda, H. Ueno and K. Nakamuro. 2001. Contribution of enzymic alpha, gamma-elimination reaction in detoxification pathway of selenomethionine in mouse liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 176:18-23. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9260
  111. Olson, O. E. and I. S. Palmer. 1976. Selenoamino acids in tissues of rats administered inorganic selenium. Metabolism 25:299-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(76)90087-1
  112. Olson, O. E., E. J. Novacek, E. I. Whitehead and I. C. Palmer. 1970. Investigations on selenium in wheat. Phytochem. 9:1181-1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85306-6
  113. Ortman, K. and B. Pehrson. 1998. Selenite and selenium yeast as feed supplements to growing fattening pigs. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe A 45:551-557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1998.tb00859.x
  114. Ortman, K. and B. Pehrson. 1999. Effect of selenate as a feed supplement to dairy cows in comparison to selenite and selenium yeast. J. Anim. Sci. 77:3365-3370. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.77123365x
  115. Ortman, K. and B. Pehrson. 1997. Selenite and selenium yeast as feed supplements for dairy cows. J. Vet. Med. A 44:373-380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1997.tb01121.x
  116. Pan, E. A. and F. Rutz. 2003. Sel-Plex for layers: egg production and quality responses to increasing level of inclusion. Poster presented at Alltech's 19th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Ky, May 12-14, 2003, CD-ROM.
  117. Pappas, A. C., F. Karadas, P. F. Surai and B. K. Speake. 2005. The selenium intake of the female chicken exerts a continuing influence on the selenium status of her progeny. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 142B:465-474.
  118. Pappas, A. C., F. Karadas, P. F. Surai, N. Wood, P. Cassey and B. K. Speake. 2006. Interspecies variation in yolk selenium concentrations among eggs of free-living birds. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 20:155-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.03.001
  119. Paton, N. D. and A. H. Cantor. 2000. Effect of dietary selenium source, level of inclusion and length of storage on internal quality and shell strength of eggs. Poult. Sci. 79(Suppl. 1):75.
  120. Paton, N. D., A. H. Cantor, A. J. Pescatore, M. J. Ford and C. A. Smith. 2002. The effects of dietary selenium source and level on the uptake of selenium by developing chick embryos. Poult. Sci. 81:1548-1554. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.10.1548
  121. Patterson, B. H., O. A. Levander, K. Helzlsouer, P. A. McAdam, S. A. Lewis, P. R. Taylor, C. Veillon and L. A. Zech. 1989. Human selenite metabolism: a kinetic model. Am. J. Physiol. 257:R556-567.
  122. Pehrson, B., K. Ortman, N. Madjid and U. Trafikowska. 1999. The influence of dietary selenium as selenium yeast or sodium selenite on the concentration of selenium in the milk of suckler cows and on the selenium status of their calves. J. Anim. Sci. 77:3371-3376. https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.77123371x
  123. Pehrson, B., M. Knutsson and M. Gyllensward. 1989. Glutathione peroxidase activity in heifers fed diets supplemented with organic and inorganic selenium compounds. Swedish J. Agric. Res. 19:53-56.
  124. Pehrson, B. 2004. Selenium yeast prevents nutritional muscular degeneration in nursing calves. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Kentucky (Suppl. 1) Abstracts of Posters Presented, p. 25.
  125. Persson-Moschos, M., G. Alfthan and B. Akesson. 1998. Plasma selenoprotein P levels of healthy males in different selenium status after oral supplementation with different forms of selenium. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:363-367. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600565
  126. Pierce, S. and A. L. Tappel. 1977. Effects of selenite and selenomethionine on glutathione peroxidase in the rat. J. Nutr. 107:475-479. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/107.3.475
  127. Pickering, I. J., R. C. Prince, D. E. Salt and G. N. George. 2000. Quantitative, chemically specific imaging of selenium transformation in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:10717-10722. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.200244597
  128. Pineda, A., A. G. Borbolla, G. Gonzalez and D. C. Mahan. 2004. Intake of organic selenium (Sel-Plex) by primiparous sows for a long period of time: evaluation on reproductive performance. Poster presentation at Alltech's 20th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, KY, USA.
  129. Polatajko, A., B. Banas, J. R. Encinar and J. Szpunar. 2005. Investigation of the recovery of selenomethionine from selenized yeast by two-dimensional LC-ICP MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 381:844-849. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2996-0
  130. Ponce de Leon, C. A., M. M. Bayon, C. Paquin and J. A. Caruso. 2002. Selenium incorporation into Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells: a study of different incorporation methods. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92:602-610. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01562.x
  131. Reasbeck, P. G., G. O. Barbezat, M. F. Robinson and C. D. Thompson. 1981. Direct measurement of selenium absorption in vivo: Triple-lumen gut perfusion in the conscious dog. In: Proceedings New Zealand Workshop on Trace Elements, p. 107. University Otago, Dunedin, NZ
  132. Renema, R. A. 2004. Reproductive responses to Sel-Plex organic selenium in male and female broiler breeders: impact on production traits and hatchability. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proceedings of 20th Alltech's Annual Symposium (Ed. L. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. pp. 81-91.
  133. Reyes, L. H., J. R. Encinar, J. M. Marchante-Gayon, J. I. Alonso and A. Sanz-Medel. 2006. Selenium bioaccessibility assessment in selenized yeast after "in vitro" gastrointestinal digestion using two-dimensional chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A. 1110:108-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.088
  134. Robinson, M. F., C. D. Thomson and P. K. Huemmer. 1985. Effect of a megadose of ascorbic acid, a meal and orange juice on the absorption of selenium as sodium selenite. New Zealand Med. J. 98:627-629.
  135. Roch, G., M. Boulianne and L. De Roth. 2000. Effect of dietary antioxidants on the incidence of pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proceedings of 16th Alltech's Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. pp. 261-276.
  136. Rutz, F., E. A. Pan, G. B. Xavier and M. A. Anciuti. 2003. Meeting selenium demands of modern poultry: responses to Sel-Plex organic selenium in broiler and breeder diets. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proceedings of 19th Alltech's Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 147-161.
  137. Schrauzer, G. N. 2003. The nutritional significance, metabolism and toxicology of selenomethionine. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 47:73-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-4526(03)47002-2
  138. Schrauzer, G. N. 2006. Selenium yeast: composition, quality, analysis and safety. Pure Appl. Chem. 78:105-109. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200678010105
  139. Sefton, A. E. and F. W. Edens. 2004a. Sel-Plex improves broiler breeder performance. Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium (Suppl. 1), May 22-26, 2004, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, p.32.
  140. Selenium in Nutrition. 1983. National Academic Press, Washington, DC.
  141. Simek, J., G. Chladek, V. Koutnik and L. Steinhauser. 2002. Selenium content of beef and its effect on drip and fluid losses. Animal Science Papers and Reports 20 (Suppl. 1):49-53.
  142. Sims, M. D., M. F. White and R. E. Weems. 2003. Selenium content of liver and edible tissue in turkeys fed Sel-Plex. Poster presented at International Poultry Scientific Forum, Atlanta, Georgia, January 20-21, 2003.
  143. Song, Z., Y. Guo and J. Yuan. 2006. Effect of dietary iodine and selenium on the activities of blood lymphocytes in laying hens. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19:713-719. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.713
  144. Sors, T. G., D. R. Ellis and D. E. Salt. 2005. Selenium uptake, translocation, assimilation and metabolic fate in plants. Photosynthesis Res. 86:373-389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-005-5222-9
  145. Spallholz, J. E. 1997. Free radical generation by selenium compounds and their prooxidant toxicity. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 10:260-270.
  146. Srimongkol, C., K. Angkanaporn and S. Kijparkorn. 2004. Effect of selenium supplementation on performance, thyroid hormone levels, antioxidant enzyme and disaccharidase activities in broilers. Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industry. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Symposium (Suppl. 1), May 22-26, 2004, Lexington, Kentucky, USA, p. 13.
  147. Stolic, N., T. Radovanovic, N. Stolic, B. Milosevic, M. Milencovic and V. Doscovic. 2002. Study of the improvement of the fattering chick feeding quality using organic selenium. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry. Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 18:239-246.
  148. Suhajda, A., J. Hegoczki, B. Janzso, I. Pais and G. Vereczkey. 2000. Preparation of selenium yeasts I. Preparation of seleniumenriched Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 14:43-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0946-672X(00)80022-X
  149. Sunde, R. A., M. S. Saedi, S. A. B. Knight, C. G. Smith and J. K. Evenson. 1989. Regulation of expression of glutathione peroxidase by selenium. In: (Ed. A. Wendel) Selenium in Biology and Medicine, pp.8-13, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
  150. Surai, P. F. 2000. Effect of the selenium and vitamin E content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the yolk and the developing chick. Br. Poult. Sci. 41:235-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/713654909
  151. Surai, P. F. 2002. Natural Antioxidants in Avian Nutrition and Reproduction. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.
  152. Surai, P. F. 2006. Selenium in Nutrition and Health. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham.
  153. Surai, P. F. 2006a. The move toward seleno-eggs: making nature's perfect food even better. Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proc. of Alltech's 22nd Annual Symposium (Ed. T. P. Lyons, K. A. Jacques and J. M. Hower). Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK. pp. 181-188.
  154. Surai, P. F. and J. E. Dvorska. 2002. Effect of selenium and vitamin E content of the diet on lipid peroxidation in breast muscle tissue of broiler breeder hens during storage. Proceedings of Australian Poultry Science Symposium 14:187-192
  155. Surai, P. F. and J. E. Dvorska. 2002a. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation in thigh muscle tissue of broiler breeder hens during storage. Archive Geflugelk 66:120
  156. Surai, P. F., F. Karadas, A. C. Pappas and N. H. Sparks. 2006. Effect of organic selenium in quail diet on its accumulation in tissues and transfer to the progeny. Br. Poult. Sci. 47:65-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660500475244
  157. Suzuki, K. T. and Y. Ogra. 2002. Metabolic pathway for selenium in the body: speciation by HPLC-ICP MS with enriched Se. Food Addit. Contamin. 19:974-983. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030210153578
  158. Swanson, C. A., B. H. Patterson, O. A. Levander, C. Veillon, P. R. Taylor, K. Helzlsouer, P. A. McAdam and L. A. Zech. 1991. Human [$^{74}Sen$] selenomethionine metabolism: a kinetic model. Am. J. Clinic. Nutr. 54:917-926. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.5.917
  159. Szulc, B., F. Ryszka and B. Dolinska. 2003. The kinetic study of the selenium yeast stability. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 142:66-68.
  160. Tan, J., W. Zhu, W. Wang, R. Li, S. Hou, D. Wang and L. Yang. 2002. Selenium in soil and endemic diseases in China. Sci. Total Environ. 284:227-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00889-0
  161. Terry, N., A. M. Zayed, M. P. De Souza and A. S. Tarun. 2000. Selenium in higher plants. Annual Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 51:401-432. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.51.1.401
  162. Thomson, C. D. 1998. Selenium speciation in human body fluids. Analyst 123:827-831. https://doi.org/10.1039/a707292i
  163. Valle, G., L. R. McDowell, D. L. Princhard, P. J. Chenoweth, D. L. Wright, F. G. Martin, W. E. Kunkle and N. S. Wilkinson. 2003. Effects of supplementing selenium to beef cattle cow-calf heard on tissue selenium concentration. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 2:126-132.
  164. Valle, G. 2001. Effect of different methods, sources and levels of selenium supplementation and fertilization on beef cattle and forage tissue levels. PhD Thesis, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
  165. Van Metre, D. C. and R. J. Callan. 2001. Selenium and vitamin E. Vet. Clinics North America. Food Anim. Practice 17:373-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30034-7
  166. Vlahovic, M., Z. Pavlovski, B. Zivkovic, M. Lukic and G. Marinkov. 1998. Influence of different selenium sources on broiler performance. Yugoslav Poult. Sci. 3:3-4.
  167. Vonderheide, A. P., K. Wrobel, S. S. Kannamkumarath, C. B'Hymer, M. Montes-Bayon, C. Ponce De Leon and J. A. Caruso. 2002. Characterization of selenium species in Brazil nuts by HPLC-ICP-MS and ES-MS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:5722-5728. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0256541
  168. Wakebe, M. 1999. Organic selenium and egg freshness. Poster Presented at Alltech's 15th Annual Symposium on Biotechnology in the feed industry, Lexington, Ky.
  169. Whanger, P. D. 2002. Selenocompounds in plants and animals and their biological significance. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 21:223-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719214
  170. Wolf, W. R. and R. J. Goldschmidt. 2004. Selenomethionine contents of NIST wheat reference materials. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 378:1175-1181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-003-2393-0
  171. Wolf, W. R., H. Zainal and B. Yager. 2001. Selenomethionine content of candidate reference materials. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 370:286-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160100829
  172. Wolter, B., M. Ellis, F. K. McKeith, K. D. Miller and D. C. Mahan. 1999. Influence of dietary selenium source on growth performance, and carcass and meat quality characteristics in pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79:119-121. https://doi.org/10.4141/A98-028
  173. Wrobel, K., S. S. Kannamkumarath, K. Wrobel and J. A. Caruso. 2003. Hydrolysis of proteins with methanesulfonic acid for improved HPLC-ICP-MS determination of seleno-methionine in yeast and nuts. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 375:133-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-002-1648-5
  174. Ximenez-Embun, P., I. Alonso, Y. Madrid-Albarran and C. Camara. 2004. Establishment of selenium uptake and species distribution in lupine, Indian mustard, and sunflower plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:832-838. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034835f
  175. Yang, X., Y. Tian, P. Ha and L. Gu. 1997. Determination of the selenomethionine content in grain and human blood. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 26:113-116.
  176. Yang, L., Z. Mester and R. E. Sturgeon. 2004. Determination of methionine and selenomethionine in yeast by species-specific isotope dilution GC/MS. Anal. Chem. 76:5149-5156. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac049475p
  177. Yaroshenko, F. A., J. E. Dvorska, P. F. Surai and N. H. C. Sparks. 2003. Selenium/vitamin E enriched eggs: nutritional quality and stability during storage. Poster presented at Alltech's 19th Annual Symposium on Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries, Lexington, Ky, May 12-14, 2003, CD-ROM.
  178. Yaroshenko, F. A., P. F. Surai, Y. F. Yaroshenko, F. Karadas and N. H. C. Sparks. 2004. Theoretical background and commercial application of production of Se-enriched chicken. Book of Abstracts XXII World's Poultry Congress, 8-13 June, 2004, Istanbul, Turkey, p. 410.
  179. Yaroshenko, F. A., J. E. Dvorska, P. F. Surai and N. H. C. Sparks. 2003a. Selenium-enriched eggs as a source of selenium for human consumption. Appl. Biotech. Food Sci. Policy 1:13-23.
  180. Yoshida, M., K. Fukunaga, H. Tsuchita and K. Yasumoto. 1999. An evaluation of the bioavailability of selenium in high-selenium yeast. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 45:119-128. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.45.119
  181. Yoshida, M., M. Abe, K. Fukunaga and K. Kikuchi. 2002. Bioavailability of selenium in the defatted dark muscle of tuna. Food Addit. Contamin. 19:990-995. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030110114202
  182. Zhou, Z. S., A. E. Smith and R. G. Matthews. 2000. L-Selenohomocysteine: one-step synthesis from L-selenomethionine and kinetic analysis as substrate for methionine synthases. Bioorg. Medic. Chem. Lett. 10:2471-2475. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(00)00498-4

피인용 문헌

  1. Food-chain selenium and human health: emphasis on intake vol.100, pp.02, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508939830
  2. ): physiological and immune responses vol.20, pp.3, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12079
  3. Turnover of Se in adequately fed chickens using Se-75 as a tracer vol.98, pp.3, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12111
  4. Selenium in Cattle: A Review vol.21, pp.5, 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040545
  5. Nanoselenium Supplementation of Heat-Stressed Broilers: Effects on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Metabolites, Immune Response, Antioxidant Status, and Jejunal Morphology vol.178, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0899-5
  6. A Note on Fatty Acids Profile of Meat from Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Inorganic or Organic Selenium vol.2017, pp.2314-5765, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7613069
  7. Revisão: Contaminação, destino e transporte reativo de Selênio em águas subterrâneas em relação com a saúde humana vol.25, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1506-8
  8. Growth, enzymatic glutathione peroxidase activity and biochemical status of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fed dietary fermented soybean meal and organic selenium vol.43, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-016-0331-2
  9. ) fed dietary fermented lupin meal supplemented with organic selenium vol.49, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13444
  10. Feed Additives Produced on the Basis of Organic Forms of Micronutrients as a Means of Biofortification of Food of Animal Origin vol.2018, pp.2090-9071, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8084127
  11. Effect of Sodium Selenite and Zinc-L-selenomethionine on Performance and Selenium Concentrations in Eggs of Laying Hens vol.21, pp.7, 2007, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70576
  12. Supplementation with Selenium and Vitamin E Improves Milk Fat Depression and Fatty Acid Composition in Dairy Cows Fed Fat Diet vol.21, pp.6, 2007, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.70618
  13. A Preliminary Study on Effects of Different Dietary Selenium (Se) Levels on Growth Performance and Toxicity in Juvenile Black Seabream, Acathopagrus schlegeli (Bleeker) vol.21, pp.12, 2007, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.80285
  14. Determination of selenium in selected food samples from Argentina and estimation of their contribution to the Se dietary intake vol.134, pp.4, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.116
  15. Selenium-Enriched Fatty Goose Liver Attenuates Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice by Enhancing Antioxidant Capability vol.50, pp.2, 2007, https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0120090
  16. Effect of dietary organic and inorganic selenium supplementation on chemical, mineral and fatty acid composition of ostrich meat vol.14, pp.1, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2015.1046940
  17. Effects of organic selenium supplementation on growth, glutathione peroxidase activity and histopathology in juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer Bloch 1970) fed high lupin meal-based diets vol.457, pp.None, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.02.003
  18. Selenium–Fascinating Microelement, Properties and Sources in Food vol.24, pp.7, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24071298
  19. Selenium and the health status, production results, and product quality in poultry vol.92, pp.1, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13662
  20. Selenium Biofortification: Roles, Mechanisms, Responses and Prospects vol.26, pp.4, 2007, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040881
  21. The Dynamics of Selenium Uptake by Maize (Zea mays L.) vol.11, pp.7, 2007, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071305
  22. Milk selenium content and speciation in response to supranutritional selenium yeast supplementation in cows vol.7, pp.4, 2007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.006
  23. A review of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the applications of its byproducts in dairy cattle feed: Trends in the use of residual brewer's yeast vol.332, pp.None, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130059