Acknowledgement
Supported by : Korea Research Foundation
References
- Afrakhte, M., Moren, A., Jossan, S., Itoh, S., Sampath, K., et al. (1998) Induction of inhibitory Smad6 and Smad7 mRNA by TGF-beta family members. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249, 505−511
- Ebisawa, T., Fukuchi, M., Murakami, G., Chiba, T., Tanaka, K., et al. (2001) Smurf1 interacts with transforming growth factor- beta type I receptor through Smad7 and induces receptor degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12477−12480
- Hahn, S. A., Schutte, M., Hoque, A. T., Moskaluk, C. A., da Costa, L. T., et al. (1996) DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 18q21.1. Science 271, 350−353 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5247.353
- Hayashi, H., Abdollah, S., Qiu, Y., Cai, J., Xu, Y. Y., et al. (1997) The MAD-related protein Smad7 associates with the TGFbeta receptor and functions as an antagonist of TGFbeta signaling. Cell 89, 1165−1173
- Imamura, T., Takase, M., Nishihara, A., Oeda, E., Hanai, J., et al. (1997) Smad6 inhibits signalling by the TGF-beta superfamily. Nature 389, 622−626
- Jin, Y. H., Jeon, E. J., Li, Q. L., Lee, Y. H., Choi, J. K., et al. (2004) Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates p300- dependent RUNX3 acetylation, which inhibits ubiquitination- mediated degradation. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 29409−29417
- Kavsak, P., Rasmussen, R. K., Causing, C. G., Bonni, S., Zhu, H., et al. (2000) Smad7 binds to Smurf2 to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the TGF beta receptor for degradation. Mol. Cell 6, 1365−1375
- Kim, K. I. and Baek, S. H. (2006) SUMOylation code in cancer development and metastasis. Mol. Cells 22, 247−253
- Kinoshita, K., Harigai, M., Fagarasan, S., Muramatsu, M., and Honjo, T. (2001) A hallmark of active class switch recombination: transcripts directed by I promoters on looped-out circular DNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 12620−12623
- Koinuma, D., Shinozaki, M., Komuro, A., Goto, K., Saitoh, M., et al. (2003) Arkadia amplifies TGF-beta superfamily signalling through degradation of Smad7. EMBO. J. 22, 6458− 6470
- Lagna, G., Hata, A., Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., and Massague, J. (1996) Partnership between DPC4 and SMAD proteins in TGF-beta signalling pathways. Nature 383, 832−836
- Li, S. C., Rothman, P. B., Zhang, J., Chan, C., Hirsh, D., et al. (1994) Expression of I mu-C gamma hybrid germline transcripts subsequent to immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching. Int. Immunol. 6, 491−497
- Lin, X., Liang, M., and Feng, X. H. (2000) Smurf2 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase mediating proteasome-dependent degradation of Smad2 in transforming growth factor-beta signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 36818−36822
- Meyers, S., Lenny, N., Sun, W., and Hiebert, S. W. (1996) AML-2 is a potential target for transcriptional regulation by the t(8;21) and t(12;21) fusion proteins in acute leukemia. Oncogene 13, 303−312
- Moren, A., Imamura, T., Miyazono, K., Heldin, C. H., and Moustakas, A. (2005) Degradation of the tumor suppressor Smad4 by WW and HECT domain ubiquitin ligases. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 22115−22123
- Muramatsu, M., Kinoshita, K., Fagarasan, S., Yamada, S., Shinkai, Y., et al. (2000) Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 102, 553−563
- Nakao, A., Afrakhte, M., Moren, A., Nakayama, T., Christian, J. L., et al. (1997a) Identification of Smad7, a TGFbeta-inducible antagonist of TGF-beta signalling. Nature 389, 631−635
- Nakao, A., Imamura, T., Souchelnytskyi, S., Kawabata, M., Ishisaki, A., et al. (1997b) TGF-beta receptor-mediated signalling through Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4. EMBO. J. 16, 5353− 5362
- Park, S. R., Lee, J. H., and Kim, P. H. (2001) Smad3 and Smad4 mediate transforming growth factor-beta1-induced IgA expression in murine B lymphocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 31, 1706−1715
- Park, S. R., Lee, E. K., Kim, B. C., and Kim, P. H. (2003) p300 cooperates with Smad3/4 and Runx3 in TGFbeta1-induced IgA isotype expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 3386−3392
- Shi, M. J. and Stavnezer, J. (1998) CBF alpha3 (AML2) is induced by TGF-beta1 to bind and activate the mouse germline Ig alpha promoter. J. Immunol. 161, 6751−6760
- Wu, R. Y., Zhang, Y., Feng, X. H., and Derynck, R. (1997) Heteromeric and homomeric interactions correlate with signaling activity and functional cooperativity of Smad3 and Smad4/DPC4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 2521−2528
- Zhang, Y., Feng, X., We, R., and Derynck, R. (1996) Receptorassociated Mad homologues synergize as effectors of the TGF- beta response. Nature 383, 168−172
- Zhang, Y., Musci, T., and Derynck, R. (1997) The tumor suppressor Smad4/DPC 4 as a central mediator of Smad function. Curr. Biol. 7, 270−276
- Zhang, Y., Chang, C., Gehling, D. J., Hemmati-Brivanlou, A., and Derynck, R. (2001) Regulation of Smad degradation and activity by Smurf2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 974−979
- Zhao, M., Qiao, M., Oyajobi, B. O., Mundy, G. R., and Chen, D. (2003) E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 mediates core-binding factor alpha1/Runx2 degradation and plays a specific role in osteoblast differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 27939−27944
- Zhu, H., Kavsak, P., Abdollah, S., Wrana, J. L., and Thomsen, G. H. (1999) A SMAD ubiquitin ligase targets the BMP pathway and affects embryonic pattern formation. Nature 400, 687−693 https://doi.org/10.1038/23301