Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society

  • 제42권5호
  • /
  • Pages.355-362
  • /
  • 2007
  • /
  • 2005-3711(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-7876(eISSN)
대한신경외과학회 (The Korean Neurosurgical Society)
권호 표지

Hemifacial Spasm : A Neurosurgical Perspective

  • Kong, Doo-Sik (Department of Neurosurgery Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Kwan (Department of Neurosurgery Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine)
  • 발행 : 2007.11.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is characterized by tonic clonic contractions of the muscles innervated by the ipsilateral facial nerve. Compression of the facial nerve by an ectatic vessel is widely recognized as the most common underlying etiology. HFS needs to be differentiated from other causes of facial spasms, such as facial tic, ocular myokymia, and blepharospasm. To understand the overall craniofacial abnormalities and to perform the optimal surgical procedures for HFS, we are to review the prevalence, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, details of each treatment modality, usefulness of brainstem auditory evoked potentials monitoring, debates on the facial EMG, clinical course, and complications from the literature published from 1995 to the present time.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Acevedo JC, Sindou M, Fischer C, Vial C : Microvascular decompression for the treatment of hemifacial spasm. Retrospective study of a consecutive series of 75 operated patients--electrophysiologic and anatomical surgical analysis. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 68 : 260-265, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1159/000099936
  2. Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR : Blepharospasm: past, present, and future. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 14 : 305-317, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002341-199809000-00002
  3. Auger R : Hemifacial spasm in Rochester and Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1960 to 1984. Arch Neurol 47: 1233-1234, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1990.00530110095023
  4. Barker FG 2nd, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Shields PT, Larkins MV, Jho HD : Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg 82: 201-210, 1995 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.82.2.0201
  5. Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD : Pathophysiology of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia. Brain 108 : 593-608, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/108.3.593
  6. Bihari K : Safety, effectiveness, and duration of effect of BOTOX after switching from Dysport for blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, and hemifacial spasm dystonia, and hemifacial spasm. Curr Med Res Opin 21 : 433-438, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1185/030079905X36396
  7. Broggi G, Scaioli V, Brock S, Dones I : Neurophysiological monitoring of cranial nerves during posterior fossa surgery. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 64: 35-39, 1995
  8. Cakmur R, Ozturk V, Uzunel F, Donmez B, Idiman F : Comparison of preseptal and pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 249 : 64-68, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00007849
  9. Chang JW, Chang JH, Choi JY, Kim DI, Park YG, Chung SS: Role of postoperative magnetic resonance imaging after microvascular decompression of the facial nerve for the treatment of hemifacial spasm. Neurosurgery 50: 720-725; discussion 726, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200204000-00007
  10. Chen R, Karp BI, Hallett M : Botulinum toxin type F for treatment of dystonia: long-term experience. Neurology 51 : 1494-1496, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.51.5.1494
  11. Chung SS, Chang JH, Choi JY, Chang JW, Park YG : Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: a long-term follow-up of 1,169 consecutive cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 77: 190-193, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1159/000064620
  12. Chung SS, Chang JW, Kim SH, Chang JH, Park YG, Kim DI : Microvascular decompression of the facial nerve for the treatment of hemifacial spasm: Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging related to clinical outcomes. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 142: 901-907, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1007/s007010070076
  13. Dandy W : Concerning the cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Am J Surg 24: 447-495, 1934 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(34)90403-7
  14. De Ridder D, Moller A, Verlooy J, Cornelissen M, De Ridder L: Is the toot entry/exit zone important in microvascular compression syndromes? Neurosurgery 51 : 427-433; discussion 433-424, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200208000-00023
  15. Defazio G, Berardelli A, Abbruzzese G : Primaty hemifacial spasm and arterial hypertension: a multicenter case-control study. Neurology 54: 1198-1200, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.54.5.1198
  16. Defazio G, Martino D, Aniello MS, Masi G, Logroscino G, Manobianca G, et al : Influence of age on the association between primary hemifacial spasm and arterial hypertension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74 : 979-981, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.74.7.979
  17. Evidente VG, Adler CH : Hemifacial spasm and other craniofacial movement disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 73: 67-71, 1998
  18. Gardner JW, Sava GA : Hemifacial spasm: A reversible pathophysiologic state. J Neurosurg 19 : 240-247, 1962 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1962.19.3.0240
  19. Goto Y, Matsushima T, Narori Y, Inamura T, Tobimatsu S: Delayed effects of the microvascular decompression on hemifacial spasm: a retrospective study of 131 consecutive operated cases. Neurol Res 24 : 296-300, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1179/016164102101199774
  20. Grundy BL, Procopio PT, Jannetta PJ, Lina A, Doyle E : Evoked potential changes produced by positioning for retromastoid craniectomy. Neurosurgery 10: 766-770, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198206010-00019
  21. Hallett M : Blepharospasm: recent advances. Neurology 59: 1306-1312, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000027361.73814.0E
  22. Hallett M, Daroff RB : Blepharospasm: report of a workshop. Neurology 46: 1213-1218, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.46.5.1213
  23. Hatayama T, Mollet AR: Correlation between latency and amplitude of peak V in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials: Intraoperative recordings in microvascular decompression operations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140: 681-687, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1007/s007010050163
  24. Hatem J, Sindou M, Vial C : Intraoperative monitoring of facial EMG responses during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Prognostic value for long-term outcome : a study in a 33-patient series. Br J Neurosurg 15 : 496-499, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1080/02688690120105101
  25. Holds JB, Alderson K, Fogg SG, Anderson RL: Motor nerve sprouting in human orbicularis muscle after botulinum A injection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31: 964-967, 1990
  26. Holds JB, Fogg SG, Anderson RL : Botulinum A toxin injection. Failures in clinical practice and a biomechanical system for the study of toxin-induced paralysis. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 6: 252-259, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1097/00002341-199012000-00005
  27. Huang CI, Chen IH, Lee LS : Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm : analyses of operative findings and results in 310 patients. Neurosurgery 30: 53-56; discussion 56-57, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199201000-00010
  28. Illingworth RD, Porter DG, Jakubowski J : Hemifacial spasm: a prospective long-term follow up of 83 cases treated by microvascular decompression at two neurosurgical centres in the United Kingdom. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60: 72-77, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.60.1.72
  29. Ishikawa M, Nakanishi T, Takamiya Y, Namiki J : Delayed resolurion of residual hemifacial spasm after microvascular decompression operations. Neurosurgery 49 : 847-854; discussion 854-856, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200110000-00013
  30. Jankovic J, Schwartz K, Donovan DT : Botulinum toxin treatment of cranial-cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, other focal dystonias and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53 : 633-639, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.53.8.633
  31. Jannetta PJ : The cause of hemifacial spasm: definitive microsurgical treatment at the brainstem in 31 patients. Trans Sect Otolaryngol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 80 : 319-322, 1975
  32. Jannetta PJ : Neurovascular compression in cranial nerve and systemic disease. Ann Surg 192: 518-525, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-198010000-00010
  33. Jannetta PJ : Observations on the etiology of trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, acoustic nerve dysfunction and glossopharyngeal neuralgia. Definitive microsurgical treatment and results in 117 patients. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 20: 145-154, 1977
  34. Jannetta PJ, Kassam A : Hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66: 255-256, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.66.2.255
  35. Jannetta PJ, Segal R, Wolfson SK: Neurogenic hypertension: etiology and surgical treatment. I. Observations in 53 patients. Ann Surg 201 : 391-398, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-198503000-00023
  36. Katusic S : Incidence and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia : Rochester, Minnesota. Ann Neurol 27: 89-95, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410270114
  37. Kenney C, Jankovic J : Botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neural Transm, 2007
  38. Kong DS, Park K Shin BG, Lee JA, Eurn DO : Prognostic value of the lateral spread response for intraoperative electromyography monitoring of the facial musculature during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg 106: 384-387, 2007 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2007.106.3.384
  39. Lang J : [Anatomy, length and blood vessel relations of 'central' and 'peripheral' paths of intracisternal cranial nerves]. Zenttalbl Neurochir 43: 217-258, 1982
  40. Lang J, Reiter U : [Intracisternal length of cranial nerves 7-12]. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 28: 153-157, 1985
  41. Lang J, Reiter U: [Intracisternal lengrh of the brain path and nerve tracts of the I to IV cranial nerves]. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 27 : 125-128, 1984
  42. Lang J, Reiter U : [Intracisternal length of the trigeminal nerve]. Neurochirurgia (Stung) 27: 159-161, 1984
  43. Leclercq TA, Hill CL, Grisoli F: Retromastoid microsurgical approach to vascular compression of the eighth cranial nerve. Laryngoscope 90: 1011-1017, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.1980.90.6.1011
  44. Levy EI, Scarrow AM, Jannetta PJ : Microvascular decompression in the treatment of hypertension: review and update. Surg Neurol 55: 2-11, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-3019(00)00352-9
  45. Lunsford L, Niranjan A, Konziolka D : Surgical management options for trigeminal neuralgia. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 41 : 359-366, 2007
  46. McLaughlin MR, Jannetta PJ, Clyde BL, Subach BR, Comey CH, Resnick DK : Microvascular decompression of cranial nerves: lessons learned after 4400 operations. J Neurosurg 90 : 1-8, 1999 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.90.1.0001
  47. Moller AR: Vascular compression of cranial nerves: II : pathophysiology. Neurol Res 21: 439-443, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.1999.11740957
  48. Moller AR, Jannetta PJ : Hemifacial spasm: resulrs of electrophysiologic recording during microvascular decompression operations. Neurology 35 : 969-974, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.35.7.969
  49. Moller AR, Jannetta PJ : Microvascular decompression in hemifacial spasm: intraoperative electrophysiological observations. Neurosurgery 16: 612-618, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198505000-00005
  50. Moller AR, Jannetta PJ : On the origin of synkinesis in hemifacial spasm: results of intracranial recordings. J Neurosurg 61 : 569-576, 1984 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1984.61.3.0569
  51. Moller AR, Jannetta PJ : Physiological abnormalities in hemifacial spasm studied during microvascular decompression operations. Exp Neurol 93 : 584-600, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(86)90178-0
  52. Moller AR, Jannerta PJ : Synkinesis in hemifacial spasm: results of recording intracranially from the facial nerve. Experientia 41 : 415-417, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02004535
  53. Moller MB, Moller AR, Jannetta PJ : Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in patients with hemifacial spasm. Laryngoscope 92 : 848-852, 1982
  54. Mooij JJ, Mustafa MK, van Weerden TW : Hemifacial spasm: intraoperative electromyographic monitoring as a guide for microvascular decompression. Neurosurgery 49 : 1365-1370; discussion 1370-1371,2001 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200112000-00012
  55. Nilsen B, Le KD, Dietrichs E: Prevalence of hemifacial spasm in Oslo, Norway. Neurology 63: 1532-1533, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000142080.85228.E8
  56. Oliveira LD, Cardoso F, Vargas AP : Hemifacial spasm and arterial hypertension. Mov disord 14 : 832-835, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(199909)14:5<832::AID-MDS1017>3.0.CO;2-7
  57. Park JS, Kong DS, Lee JA, Park K : Intraoperative management to prevent cerebrospinal fluid leakage after microvascular decompression: dural closure with a 'plugging muscle' method. Neurosurg Rev 30 : 139-142: discussion 142, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-006-0060-6
  58. Park YS, Chang JH, Cho J, Park YG, Chung SS, Chang JW : Reoperation for persistent or recurrent hemifacial spasm after microvascular decompression. Neurosurgery 58: 1162-1167: discussion 1162-1167, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000215954.97948.B3
  59. Patrinely JR, Whiting AS, Anderson RL : Local side effects of botulinum toxin injections. Adv Neurol 49 : 493-500, 1988
  60. Payner TD, Tew JM Jr. : Recurrence of hemifacial spasm after microvascular decompression. Neurosurgery 38 : 686-690: discussion 690-691, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199604000-00009
  61. Polo G, Fischer C, Sindou MP, Marneffe V : Brainstem auditory evoked potential monitoring during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: intraoperative brainstem auditory evoked potential changes and warning values to prevent hearing loss--prospective study in a consecutive series of 84 patients. Neurosurgery 54 : 97-104; discussion 104-106, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000097268.90620.07
  62. Rhee DJ, Kong DS, Park K, Lee JA : Frequency and prognosis of delayed facial palsy after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148: 839-843; discussion 843, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-006-0847-9
  63. Ryu H, Yamamoto S, Sugiyama K, Nishizawa S, Nozue M : Neurovascular compression syndrome of the eighth cranial nerve. Can the site of compression explain the symptoms? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141 : 495-501, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1007/s007010050330
  64. Saito S, Moller AR, Jannetta PJ, Jho HD : Abnormal response from the sternocleidomastoid muscle in patients with spasmodic torticollis: observations during microvascular decompression operations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 124: 92-98, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01401129
  65. Sanders DB : Ephaptic transmission in hemifacial spasm: a single-fiber EMG study. Muscle Nerve 12 : 690-694, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.880120810
  66. Sekiya T, Iwabuchi T, Kamata S, Ishida T : Deterioration of auditory evoked potentials during cerebellopontine angle manipulations. J Neurosurg 63 : 598-607, 1985 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.4.0598
  67. Sindou M, Howeidy T, Acevedo G : Anatomical observations during microvascular decompression for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (with correlations between topography of pain and site of the neurovascular conflict) : Prospective study in a series of 579 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 144 : 1-13, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1007/s701-002-8269-4
  68. Sindou M, Fobe JL, Ciriano D, Fischer C : Hearing prognosis and intraoperative guidance of brainstem auditory evoked potential in microvascular decompression. Laryngoscope 102: 678-682, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-199206000-00014
  69. Sindou MP : Microvascular decompression for primary hemifacial spasm. Importance of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147 : 10 19-1 026; discussion 1026, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-005-0583-6
  70. Sindou MP, Polo G, Fischer C, Vial C: Neurovascular conflict and hemifacial spasm. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 58: 274-281, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-424X(09)70076-5
  71. Skinner H : Some histologic features of the cranial nerves. Arch Neural Psychiatry 25 : 356-360, 1931 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1931.02230020144008
  72. Tan NC, Tan EK, Khin LW: Diagnosis and misdiagnosis of hemifacial spasm: a clinical and video study. J Clin Neurosci 11 : 142-144, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2003.05.005
  73. Thussu A, Barman CR, Prabhakar S : Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm: objective response evaluation. Neurol India 47 : 206-209, 1999
  74. Wan XH, Vuong KD, Jankovic J: Clinical application of botulinum toxin type B in movement disorders and autonomic symptoms. Chin Med Sci J 20: 44-47, 2005
  75. Watanabe E, Schramm J, Strauss C, Fahlbusch R: Neurophysiologic monitoring in posterior fossa surgery: Part II-BAEP-waves I and V and preservation of hearing. Acra Neurochir (Wien) 98 : 118-128, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01407337
  76. Wilkins RH : Hemifacial spasm: a review. Surg Neurol 36 : 251-277, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(91)90087-P