참고문헌
- Adams HP Jr, Biller J : Hemorrhagic intracranial vascular disease. In Joynt Rj (ed) : Clinical neurology, Philadelphia : Lippincott, 1998, vol 2. pp1-64
- Balci K, Asil T, Kerimoglu M, Celik Y, Utku U : Clinical and neuroradiological predictors of mortality in patients with primary pontine hemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 108 : 36-39, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.02.007
- Batjer HH, Kopitnik TA, Friberg L : Spontaneous intracerebral and intracerebellar hemorrhage, In Youmans JR (ed). Neurological surgery, ed 4. Philadelphia : WB Saunder, 1996, vol 2, pp1449-1464
- Bewermeyer H, Neveling M, Ebhardt G, Heiss WD : Spontaneous pontine hemorrhage. Fortschr Neurol Psychiar 52 : 259-276,1984 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1002024
- Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, Tomsick T, Huster G : Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage a powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 24 : 987-993, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.24.7.987
- Bryan R, Weisberg L : Prolonged survival with good functional recovery in 3 patients CT evidence of brain stem hemorrhage. Comput Radiol 6 : 43-48, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1016/0730-4862(82)90180-9
- Burns J, Lisak R, Schut L, Silberberg D : Recovery following brain stem hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 7 : 183-184, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410070215
- Caplan LR : Clinical features of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. In Kaufman HH (ed) : intracerebral Hematomas. New York : Raven Press, 1992, pp31-47
- Cho WJ, Moon SH, Lee SM, Yang JY, Choi CS, Ju MB : Clinical out-comes according to radiological classification of brainstem hemorrhages. J Korean Neurosurg soc 29 : 217-221, 2000
- Choi CW, Park DJ, Lee YW : Clinical analysis of the factors affecting the prognosis of spontaneous pontine hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg soc 26 : 1408-1412, 1997
- Christopher A, Lawrence M : Differential diagongis of altered states of consciousness, In Youmans JR (ed) : Neurological surgery, ed 5. Philadelphia : WB Saunder, 2004, vol 1, pp 278-279
- Chung CS, Park CH : Primary pontine hemorrhage : a new CT classification. Neurology 42 : 830-834, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.42.4.830
- Crowell RM, Ojemann RG, Ogilvy CS : Spontaneous brain hemorrhage : Surgical considerations. In Barnett HJM, Stein BM, Mohr JP, et al (eds) : Stroke-Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, 2d ed. New York : Churchill Livingstone, 1992, pp1169-1187
- Dziewas R, Kremer M, Ludeman P, Nabavi DG, Drager B, Ringelstein EB : The prognostic impact of clinical and CT parameters in patients with pontine hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 16 : 224-229, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1159/000071120
- Epstein A : Primary massive pontine hemorrhage. A clinicopathological study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 10 : 426-448, 1951 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005072-195110000-00008
- Fang HC, Foley JM : Hypertensive hemorrhages of the pons and cerebellum. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 13 : 126-130, 1954
- Fewel ME, Thompson BG Jr, Hoff JT : Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage : a review. Neurosurg Focus 15 : E1, 2003
- Hara T, Nagata K, Kawamoto S, Sashida J, Abe T, Wada A, et al : Functional outcome of primary pontine hemorrhage : conservative treatment or stereotaxic surgery. No Shinkei Geka 29 : 823-829, 2001
- Hong JT, Choi SJ, Kye DK, Park CK, Lee SW, Kang JK : Surgical outcome of hypertensive pontine hemorrhages : Experience of 13 cases. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 27 : 59-64, 1998
- Kase CS, Caplan LR : Hemorrhage affecting the brain stem and cerebellum. in Barnett HJM, Mohr JP, Stein BM, et al (eds) : Stroke. New York : Churchill Livingstone, 1986, pp525-547
- Kushner MJ, Bressman SB : The clinical manifestation of pontine hemorrhage. Neurology 35 : 637-643, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.35.5.637
- Kuwabara S, Ohta K, Ueda T, Yamane K, Uemura Y, Takahashi M : Clinical study of 20 cases of primary pontine hemorrhage. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 22 : 933-942, 1982 https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.22.933
- Link MJ, Bartleson JD, Forbes G, Meyer FB : Spontaneous midbrain hemorrhage : Report of seven new cases. Surg Neurol 39 : 58-65, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-3019(93)90112-E
- Manno EM, Atkinson JL, Fulgham JR, Wijdicks EF : Emerging medical and surgical management strategies in the evaluation and treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. Mayo Clin Proc 80 : 420-433, 2005 https://doi.org/10.4065/80.3.420
- Masiyama S, Niizuma H, Suzuki J : Pontine haemorrhage : a clinical analysis of 26 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 48 : 658-662, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.48.7.658
- Murata Y, Yamaguchi S, Kajikawa H, Yamamura K, Sumioka S, Nakamura S : Relationship between the clinical manifestations, computed tomographic findings and the outcome in 80 patients with primary pontine hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 167 : 107-111, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-510X(99)00150-1
- Niizuma H, Suzuki J : Computed tomography-guided stereotactic aspiration of posterior fossa hematomas : a supine lateral retromastoid approach. Neurosurgery 21 : 422-427, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198709000-00029
- Ojemann RG, Heros RC, Crowell RM : Surgical Management of Cerebrovascular disease. 2d ed. Baltimore : William & Wilkins, 1988, pp435-449
- Phillip DS : History and physical examination, In Youmans JR (ed) : Neurological surgery, ed 5. Philadelphia : WB Saunder, 2004, vol 1, pp 277
- Rabinstein AA, Tisch SH, McClelland RL, Wijdicks EF : Cause is the main predictor of outcome in patients with pontine hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 17 : 66-71, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1159/000073900
- Sypert GW, Arpin-Sypert EJ : Spontaneous posterior fossa hematomas. In Kaufman HH (ed) : Intracerebral hematomas. New York : Raven Press, 1992, pp187-196
- Tanabe Y, Kondoh H, Funakoshi T : Clinical study of pontine hemorrhage. Jpn J Stroke 3 : 162-163, 1981
- Tanaka Y, Nishiya M, Suematsu K : Pontine hemorrhage. In Mizukami M, Kogure K, Kanaya H, et al (eds) : Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. New York : Raven Press, 1983, pp205-214
- Wijdicks EF, Louis ES : Clinical profiles predictive of outcome in pontine hemorrhage. Neurology 49 : 1342-1346, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.49.5.1342