DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Health Effects of Mercury Exposure on Some School Children in Korea

혈중수은 노출에 따른 일부 초등학생의 건강영향에 관한 연구

  • Kim, Dae-Seon (Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Kim, Guen-Bae (Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Kang, Tack-Shin (Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Hwa (Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Nam, Sang-Hoon (Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research)
  • 김대선 (국립환경과학원 환경건강연구부) ;
  • 김근배 (국립환경과학원 환경건강연구부) ;
  • 강택신 (국립환경과학원 환경건강연구부) ;
  • 이종화 (국립환경과학원 환경건강연구부) ;
  • 남상훈 (국립환경과학원 환경건강연구부)
  • Published : 2007.10.30

Abstract

As mercury absorbed into body can cross the blood-brain barrier and react with DNA and RNA. Central nervous system has been known to be affected especially in children. But it was very difficult to know the influences of chronic low-does Hg exposure on the health. Although many studies investigated the affect, most of results were still disparate. In order to investigate the health effects of mercury exposure, several test were conducted for some Korean school children. The general health effects were investigated using blood test, Posturography and computer-based neurobehavioral test was done to examine the affect of Hg into neural responses. About 400 children were chosen for blood test whose blood Hg level were upper and lower 10% of population participated in the nationwide Hg exposure survey. The concentration of calcium and creatine, the number of white and red blood cell showed statistical significance with Hg exposure in blood test. Another 36 children were selected from the same participants for the posturography and neurobehavioral test. The intensity and center frequency of hand tremor which were related to unconsciousness also showed distinct significances. Any general relations with Hg exposure were not found in all test including computer-based neurobehavioral test.

Keywords

References

  1. 황인담, 기노석, 정인호 등 : 수은 중독에 관한 실험적 연구. 한국환경위생학회지, 14(1), 103-113, 1988
  2. 윤충식, 임상혁, 하권철 : 고농도 수은 노출자의 혈중 및 뇨중 수은 농도 변화에 관한 연구. 한국환경위생학회지, 27(3), 71-80, 2001
  3. 김윤신, 이의진, 배성희 등 : 서울시 일부 임산부 모발중의 수은농도에 관한 조사연구. 한국환경위생학회지, 18(1), 105-111, 1992
  4. Oliveira Ribeiro, C. A., Filipak Neto, F., Mela, M., Silva, P. H., Randi, M. A., Rabitto, I. S., Alves Costa, J. R. and Pelletier, E. : Hematological findings in neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus exposed to subchronic and dietary doses of methylmercury, inorganic lead, and tributyltin chloride. Environmental Research, 101(1), 74-80, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.11.005
  5. Yallapragada, P. R., Rajanna, S., Fail, S. and Rajanna, B. : Inhibition of calcium transport by mercury salts in rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex in vitro. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 16(4), 325-330, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199607)16:4<325::AID-JAT358>3.0.CO;2-Z
  6. Blazka, M. E. and Shaikh, Z. A. : Differences in cadmium and mercury uptakes by hepatocytes: role of calcium channels. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 110(2), 355-363, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-008X(05)80018-3
  7. Kollegger, H., Baumgartner, C., Wober, C., Oder, W. and Deecke, L. : Spontaneous body sway as a function of sex, age, and vision: posturographic study in 30 healthy adults. European Neurology, 32(5), 253-259, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1159/000116836
  8. Black, F. O., Wall, C. 3rd., Rockette, H. E. Jr. and Kitch, R. : Normal subject postural sway during the Romberg test. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 3(5), 309-318, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0709(82)80002-1
  9. Thyssen, H. H., Brynskov, J., Jansen, E. C. and Munster-Swendsen, J. : Normal ranges and reproducibility for the quantitative Romberg's test. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 66(1), 100-104, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1982.tb00918.x
  10. Raymakers, J. A. and Samson, M. M. : The assessment of body sway and the choice of the stability parameter(s). Gait and Posture, 21, 48-58, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2003.11.006
  11. Smith, L. B., Bhattacharya, A., Lemasters, G., Succop, P., Puhala, E. 2nd., Medvedovic, M. and Joyce, J. : Effect of chronic low-level exposure to jet fuel on postural balance of US Air Force personnel . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 39(7), 623-632, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199707000-00007
  12. Yokoyama, K., Araki, S., Murata, K., Nishikitani, M., Nakaaki, K., Yokota, J., Ito, A. and Sakata, E. : Postural Sway Frequency Analysis in Workers Exposed to n-Hexane, Xylene, and Toluene: Assessment of Subclinical Cerebellar Dysfunction. Environmental research, 74(2), 110-115, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1997.3769
  13. Iwata, T., Mori, H., Dakeishi, M., Onozaki, I. and Murata, K. : Effects of mixed organic solvents on neuromotor functions among workers in Buddhist altar manufacturing factories. Journal of occupational health, 47, 143-148, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.47.143
  14. Despres, C., Beuter, A., Richer, F., Poitras, K., Veilleux, A., Ayotte, P., Dewailly, E., Saint-Amour, D. and Muckle, G. : Neuromotor functions in Inuit preschool children exposed to Pb, PCBs, and Hg. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 27, 245-257, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2004.12.001
  15. Carta, P., Flore, C., Alinovi, R., Ibba, A., Tocco, M. G., Aru, G., Carta, R., Girei, E., Mutti, A., Lucchini, R. and Randaccio, F. S. : Sub-clinical neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with low level of mercury exposure through fish consumption. Neurotoxicology, 24, 617-623, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00080-9
  16. Mills, K. C. and Bisgrove, E. Z. : Body sway and divided attention performance under the influence of alcohol: dose-response differences between males and female. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 7(4), 393-397, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1983.tb05492.x
  17. Lukas, S. E., Lex, B. W., Slater, J. P., Greenwald, N. E. and Mendelson, J. H. : A microanalysis of ethanolinduced disruption of body sway and psychomotor performance in women. Psychopharmacology(Berl), 98(2), 169-175, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00444687
  18. Kubo, T., Sakata, Y., Matsunaga, T., Koshimune, A., Sakai, S., Ameno, K. and Ijiri, I. : Analysis of body sway pattern after alcohol ingestion in human subjects. Acta Oto-laryngologica. Supplementum, 468, 247-252, 1989
  19. Kubo, T., Sakata, Y., Koshimune, A., Sakai, S., Ameno, K. and Ijiri, I. : Positional nystagmus and body sway after alcohol ingestion. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 11(6), 416-419, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-0709(90)90121-B
  20. Amler, R. W. and Gilbertini, M. : Pediatric Environmental Neurobehavioral Test Battery, Atlanta GA, US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1996
  21. Krasnegor, N. A., Otto, D. A., Bernstein, J. H., Burke, R., Chappell, W., Eckerman, D. A., Needleman, H. L., Oakley, G., Rogan, W., Terracciano, G. and Hutchinsonj, L. : Neurobehavioral test strategies for environmental exposures in pediatric populations. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16, 499-509, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(94)90129-5
  22. Davidson, P. W., Weiss, B., Myers, G. J., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Brockel, B. J., Young, E. C., Orlando, M., Loiselle, D., Palumbo, D., Pittelli, R. and Sloan-Reeves, J. : Evaluation of techniques for assessing neurobehavioral development in children. Neurotoxicology, 21, 957-972, 2000
  23. Davidson, P. W., Myers, G. J., Cox, C., Axtell, C., Shamlaye, C., Sloane Reeves, J., Cernichiari, E., Needham, L., Choi, A., Wang, Y., Berlin, M. and Clarkson, T. W. : Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopment: outcomes at 66 months of age in the Seychelles Child Development Study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 280, 701-707, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.8.701
  24. Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., Debes, F., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Murata, K., Sorensen, N., Dahl, R. and Jorgensen, P. J. : Cognitive Deficit in 7-Year-Old Children with Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 19(6), 417-428, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(97)00097-4
  25. Dahl, R., White, R. F., Weihe, P., Sorensen, N., Letz, R., Hudnell, H. K., Otto, D. A. and Grandjean, P. : Feasibility and Validity of Three Computer-Assisted Neurobehavioral Tests in 7-Year-Old Children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 18(4), 413-419, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(96)00031-1
  26. Choi, B. H. : The effects of methylmercury on the developing brain. Acta Neuropathologica, 32, 447-470, 1989
  27. Shamlaye, C. F. and Marsh, D. O . : The Seychelles child development study on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet: background and demographics. Neurotoxicology, 16(4), 597-612, 1995
  28. Rohlman, D. S., Anger, W. K., Tamulinas, A., Phillips, J., Bailey, S. R. and McCauley, L. : Development of a neurobehavioral battery for children exposed to neurotoxic chemicals. Neurotoxicology, 22(5), 657-665, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-813X(01)00049-3
  29. McKeown-Eyssen, G. E., Ruedy, J. and Neims, A. : Methyl mercury exposure in northern Quebec. II. Neurologic findings in children. American Journal of Epidemiology, 118(4), 470-479, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113652
  30. Murata, K., Weihe, P., Renzoni, A., Debes, F., Vasconcelos, R., Zino, F., Araki, S., Jorgensen, P. J., White, R. F. and Grandjean, P. : Delayed evoked potentials in children exposed to methylmercury from seafood. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 21(4), 343-348, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00011-2
  31. Davidson, P. W., Myers, G. J., Cox, C., Axtell, C., Shamlaye, C., Sloane-Reeves, J., Cernichiari, E., Needham, L., Choi, A., Wang, Y., Berlin, M. and Clarkson, T. W. : Effects of prenatal and postnatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption on neurodevelopment. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 280(8), 701-707, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.8.701
  32. Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R. F., Debes, F., Araki, S., Yokoyama, K., Murata, K., Sorensen N, Dahl, R. and Jorgensen, P. J. : Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 19(6), 417-428, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(97)00097-4
  33. Myers, G. J., Davidson, P. W., Cox, C., Shamlaye, C., Cernichiari, E. and Clarkson, T. W. : Twentyseven years studying the human neurotoxicity of methylmercury exposure. Environmental Research, 83, 275-285, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2000.4065