Applied Microscopy

Korean Society of Microscopy (한국현미경학회)
권호 표지

Crystals in North American Commercial Woods of Abies Species

북미산 주요 전나무속 수종 목재에 있어서의 결정

  • Eom, Young-Geun (Department of Forest Products, College of Forest Science, Kookmin University) ;
  • Kwon, Oh-Kyung (Faculty of Paper Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York) ;
  • Hanna, Robert B. (Faculty of Construction Management and Wood Products Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York) ;
  • Meyer, Robert W. (Faculty of Construction Management and Wood Products Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York)
  • 엄영근 (국민대학교 삼림과학대학 임산공학과) ;
  • 권오경 (뉴욕주립대학교 환경과학.임업대학 제지공학부) ;
  • ;
  • Published : 2006.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Crystal-bearing cells are rarely encountered in the softwoods and their regular occurrence, e.g., in species of Abies, Picea, Ginkgo, and Pinus, is of considerable diagnostic significance. Thus, this study discusses the distribution and types of crystals in North American Abies species to provide additional information for wood anatomy and identification through light and scanning electron microscopies. Prismatic crystals, elongate crystal s, and styloids are identified, in descending order of frequency, in Abies concolor, A. grandis. and A. magnifica, A. nobilis (=A. procera), A. lasiocarpa, and A. amabilis but not in A. balsamea and A. fraseri. Differently from the other species, A. lasiocarpa shows the tendency of more elongate crystals and styloids than prismatic crystals. A. concolor contains crystal sands, prismatic crystals, elongate crystals, and styloids both in the axial and ray parenchyma cells, whereas the other species show prismatic crystals, elongate crystals, and styloids only in the ray parenchyma cells. Ray parenchyma cells containing crystal sand and axial parenchyma cells having crystal sand, prismatic crystals, elongate crystals, and styloids are probably reported here for the first time in A. concolor. In conclusion, the presence or absence of crystals appears to be the most powerful diagnostic character for separating A. concolor, A. grandis, and A. magnifica from A. nobilis (=A. procera), A. lasiocarpa, A. amabilits, A. balsamea, and A. fraseri.

침엽수재에 있어서는 결정을 지니는 세포가 드물게 존재하기 때문에 전나무속, 가문비나무속, 은행나무속 및 소나무속과 같은 경우 이들의 존재 여부는 수종 식별 인자로 귀중한 가치를 지니게 된다. 따라서 본 연구는 광학현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 북미산 전나무속 수종의 목재에 존재하는 결정의 분포와 형태를 조사하여 목재 해부 및 식별에 필요한 정보를 추가적으로 제공하기 위해 실시하였다. 출현 빈도 측면에서 볼 때 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정 및 주정이 Abies concolor, A. grandis 및 A. magnifica, A. nobilis(=A. procera), A. lasiocarpa 그리고 A. amabilis의 순으로 적게 관찰되었지만 A. balsamea 및 A. fraseri에서는 그 존재가 전연 확인되지 않았다. 다른 수종과는 달리 A. lasiocarpa는 다각형 결정보다는 신장형 결정 및 주정이 더 많이 지니고 있었다. A. concolor에서는 사정, 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정 및 주정이 축방향유세포 및 방사유세포 모두에서 관찰된 반면 나머지 수종 모두에서는 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정 및 주정이 방사유세포에만 존재하였다. 사정을 지니는 방사유세포 그리고 사정, 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정과 주정을 지니는 축방향유세포는 아마 본 연구에서 최초로 밝혀진 것으로 여겨진다. 결론적으로 결정의 존재 여부는 A. nobilis (=A. procera), A. lasiocarpa, A. amabilis, A. balsamea 및 A. fraseri로부터 A. concolor, A. grandis 및 A. magnifica를 식별해 내는데 있어 중요한 가치를 지니는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

Keywords

References

  1. Baas P, Schmid RR, van Heuven BJ: Wood anatomy of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) and the sustained length-on-age increase of its tracheids. IAWA Bulletins 7 : 221-228, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000988
  2. Core HA, Cote WA, Day AC: Wood structure and identification. 2nd ed., Syracuse Univ. Press, 1979
  3. Eom YG, Butterfield BG: Anatomical comparisons of compression, opposite, and lateral woods in New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don). Mokchae Konghak 25 : 88-99, 1997
  4. Exley RR, Meylan BA, Butterfield BG: Preparation of wood specimens for the scanning electron microscope. J Microsc 101 : 21-30, 1974 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1974.tb03865.x
  5. Exley RR, Meylan BA, Butterfield BG: A technique for obtaining clean cut surfaces on wood samples prepared for the scanning electron microscope. J Microsc 110 : 75-78, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1977.tb00016.x
  6. IAWA Committee: IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification by an IAWA Committee. Wheeler EA, Baas P & Gasson PE (eds.). IAWA Bulletins 10 : 219-332, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000496
  7. IAWA Committee: IAWA list of microscopic features for softwood identification by an IAWA Committee. Richter HG, Grosser D, Heinz I & Gasson PE (eds.). IAWA J 25 :1-70, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000349
  8. Japan Wood Research Society: Wood science laboratory book. I. Physics and engineering. Chugai Sangyo Chosakai, Tokyo, 1985
  9. Kellogg RM, Rowe S, Koeppen RC, Miller RB: Identification of the wood of the soft pines of western North America. IAWA Bulletins 3 : 95-101, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000757
  10. Kennedy RW, Sastry CBR, Barton GM: Crystals in the wood if the genus Abies indigenous to Canada and the United States. Can J Bot 46 : 1221-1228, 1968 https://doi.org/10.1139/b68-164
  11. Kukachka BF: Identification of coniferous woods. TAPPI 43 : 887-896, 1960
  12. Lee PW, Eom YG: Wood identification of the veneer species that grow in Korea. II. Wood characteristics and identification by the microscopic features. Mogjae Gonghak 15 : 22-55, 1987
  13. Lee PW, Eom YG, Chung YJ: The distribution and type of crystals in woods of Ginkgo biloba L. and Abies holophylla Max. Mogjae Gonghak 16 : 1-4, 1988
  14. Panshin AJ, de Zeeuw C: Textbook of wood technology. 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1980
  15. Sudo S: Anatomical studies on the wood of species of Picea, with some consideration on their geographic distribution and taxonomy. The Gov For Exp Sta Bull 215, Tokyo, Japan, 1968
  16. Wheeler EA, Pearson RG, LaPasha CA, Zack T, Hately W: Computer-aided wood identification: Reference manual. North Carolina Agr Res Ser Bull No. 474, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, 1986
  17. Wiedenhoeft AC, Miller RB, Theim TJ: Analysis of three microscopic characters for separating the wood of Pinus contorta and P. ponderosa. IAWA J 24 : 257-267, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001595
  18. Wiesehugel EG: Diagnostic characteristics of the xylem of the North American Abies. Bot Gaz 93 : 55-70, 1932 https://doi.org/10.1086/334230