Clinical Results and Optimal Timing of OPCAB in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

급성 심근경색증 환자에서 시행한 OPCAB의 수술시기와 검색의 정도에 따른 임상성적

  • Youn Young-Nam (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Yang Hong-Suk (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Shim Yeon-Hee (Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Yong Dong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Yoo Kyung-Jong (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine)
  • 윤영남 (연세대학교 의과대학 심장혈관병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 양홍석 (연세대학교 의과대학 심장혈관병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 심연희 (연세대학교 의과대학 영동세브란스병원 마취통증의학과) ;
  • 유경종 (연세대학교 의과대학 심장혈관병원 흉부외과)
  • Published : 2006.07.01

Abstract

Background: There are a lot of debates regarding the optimal timing of operation of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Off pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) has benefits by avoiding the adverse effects of the cardio-pulmonary bypass, but its efficacy in AMI has not been confirmed yet. The purpose of this study is to evaluate retrospectively early and mid-term results of OPCAB in patients with AMI according to transmurality and timing of operation. Material and Method: Data were collected in 126 AMI patients who underwent OPCAB between January 2002 and July 2005, Mean age of patients were 61.2 years. Male was 92 (73.0%) and female was 34 (27.2%). 106 patients (85.7%) had 3 vessel coronary artery disease or left main disease. Urgent or emergent operations were performed in 25 patients (19.8%). 72 patients (57.1%) had non-transmural myocardial infarction (group 1) and 52 patients (42.9%) had transmural myocardial infarction (group 2). The incidence of cardiogenic shock and insertion of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was higher in group 2. The time between occurrence of AMI and operation was divided in 4 subgroups (<1 day, $1{\sim}3\;days,\;4{\sim}7\;days$, >8 days). OPCAB was performed a mean of $5.3{\pm}7.1$ days after AMI in total, which was $4.2{\pm}5.9$ days in group 1, and $6,6{\pm}8.3$ days in group 2. Result: Mean distal an-astomoses were 3.21 and postoperative IABP was inserted in 3 patients. There was 1 perioperative death in group 1 due to low cardiac output syndrome, but no perioperative new MI occurred in this study. There was no difference in postoperative major complication between two groups and according to the timing of operation. Mean follow-up time was 21.3 months ($4{\sim}42$ months). The 42 months actuarial survival rate was $94.9{\pm}2.4%$, which was $91.4{\pm}4.7%$ in group 1 and $98.0{\pm}2.0%$ in group 2 (p=0.26). The 42 months freedom rate from cardiac death was $97.6{\pm}1.4%$ which was $97.0{\pm}2.0%$ in group 1 and $98.0{\pm}2.0%$ in group 2 (p=0.74). The 42 months freedom rate from cardiac event was $95.4{\pm}2.0%$ which was $94.8{\pm}2.9%$ in group 1 and $95.9{\pm}2.9%$ in group 2 (p=0.89). Conclusion: OPCAB in AMI not only reduces morbidity but also favors hospital outcomes irrespective of timing of operation. The transmurality of myocardial infarction did not affect the surgical and midterm outcomes of OPCAB. Therefore, there may be no need to delay the surgical off-pump revascularization of the patients with AMI if surgical revascularization is indicated.

배경: 급성심근경색증 환자에서 수술 시기는 아직도 논란이 많으며, off pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB)은 심폐체외순환의 부작용을 피할 수 있다는 장점이 있지만 급성심근경색증에 있어서 OPCAB의 효용성은 아직 입증되지 않았다. 저자들은 급성심근경색증 환자들에서 시행한 OPCAB의 수술시기와 경색의 정도에 따른 단기 및 중기 성적을 비교 분석하여 급성심근경색에 있어서 OPCAB의 적절한 수술시기와 효용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2002년 1월부터 2005년 7까지 OPCAB을 시행 받은 환자 중 수술 전 급성심근경색으로 진단되었던 126명을 대상으로 하였다. 환자들의 평균 연령은 61.2세였고, 남성이 92명(73.0%), 여성이 34명(27.2%)이었다 대상 환자 중 109명(86.5%)에서 3개 혈관 병변 혹은 좌주관상동맥 병변을 보였고, 긴급 또는 응급 수술을 요하는 환자는 25명(19.8%)이었다. 비전층 심근경색환자(제1군)는 72명(57.1%), 전층 심근경색한자(제2군)는 54명(42.9%)이었으며, 수술 전 심장성 쇼크와 대동맥 내 풍선펌프 삽입의 빈도는 제2군에서 더 높았으나 그 외의 수술 위험인자의 유병률은 차이가 없었다. 급성 심근경색이 발생한 후 수술까지의 시간을 각각 24시간 내, 1-3일, 4-7일, 8일 이후로 나누어 사망률 및 합병증을 비교하였다. 수술까지의 평균 대기 기간은 $5.3{\pm}7.1$일이었으며, 제1군은 $4.2{\pm}5.9$일, 제2군은 $6.6{\pm}8.3$일이었다. 결과: 환자당 평균 3.21개의 문합을 시행하였으며, 수술 후 3명에서 대동맥풍선펌프를 사용하였다. 제1군에서 1명 (0.79%)의 저심박출증에 의한 수술 사망이 있었으나, 심근경색이 새로 발생한 예는 없었다. 두 군간의 주 합병증의 발생률의 차이가 없었으며, 수술 대기시간에 따른 합병증의 발생률 차이도 없었다. 평균 추적관찰 기간은 21.3개월(2-42개월)이었으며, 추적 조사 결과, 42개월 전제 생존율은 $94.9{\pm}2.4%$로 제1군은 $91.4{\pm}4.7%$, 제2군은 $98.0{\pm}2.0%$로 두 군간의 통계적 유의성은 없었다(p=0.26). 심장관련 사망에 대한 42개월 전체 생존율은 $97.6{\pm}1.4%$로 제1군은 $97.0{\pm}2.0%$, 제2군은 $98.0{\pm}2.0%$로 두 군간의 통계적 유의성은 없었다(p=0.74). 심장 관련 합병증의 42개월 전체 자유도는 $95.4{\pm}2.0%$로 제1군은 $94.8{\pm}2.9%$, 제2군은 $95.9{\pm}2.9%$로 두 군간의 통계적 유의성은 없었다(p=0.119). 결론: 급성심근경색환자에서 대기 시간 없이 심폐체외순환기를 사용하지 않는 관상동맥우회술을 시행하여 좋은 중 단기 성적을 확인하였으며, 심근경색의 정도는 수술 성적에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 저자들은 급성심근경색의 치료로써 관상동맥우회술이 필요한 경우 대기시간 없이 OPCAB을 시행하여도 안전할 것이라고 생각한다. 그러나 이를 확인하기 위해서는 좀 더 많은 대상군과 전향적인 연구가 필요할 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Lavie CJ, Gersh BJ. Mechanical and electrical complications of acute myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65: 709 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(12)65133-7
  2. Goldberg RJ, Gore JM, Alpert JS, et al. Cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1991;325: 1117-22 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199110173251601
  3. Locker C, Mohr R, Paz Y, et al. Myocardial revascularization for acute myocardial infarction: benefits and drawbacks of avoiding cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:771-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(03)00732-X
  4. Sadanandan S, Hochman JS. Early reperfusion, late reperfusion, and the open artery hypothesis: an overview. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2000;42:397-404 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-0620(00)70004-1
  5. Albes JM, Gross M, Franke U, et al. Revascularization during acute myocardial infarction: risks and benefits revisited. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:102-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(02)03611-1
  6. Roberts CS, Schoen FJ, Kloner RA. Effects of coronary reperfusion on myocardial hemorrhage and infarct healing. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:610-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(83)90177-7
  7. Weiss JL, Marino N, Shapio EP. Myocardial infarct expansion: recognition, significance and pathology. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:35-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(91)90861-E
  8. Society of Thoracic Surgeons data definitions. http://www.sts. org/file/CoreDef241Book.pdf
  9. Bigger JT, Heller CA, Wenger TL, et al. Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1978;42:202-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(78)90901-3
  10. Dawson JT, Hall RJ, Hallman GL, et al. Mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1974;33:483-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(74)90605-5
  11. Spencer FC. Emergency coronary bypass for acute myocardial infarction: an unproved clinical experiment. Circulation 1983;68(Suppl II):II-17-9
  12. White HD, Assmann SF, Sanborn TA, et al. Comparison of percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting after acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Circulation 2005;112:1992-2001 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.540948
  13. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the american college of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:E1-212 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.02.054
  14. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40: 1366-74 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02336-7
  15. Lee DC, Oz MC, Weinberg AD, et al. Optimal timing of revascularization: transmural versus nontransmural acute myocardial infarction. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:1198-204 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02425-0
  16. Lee DC, Oz MC, Weinberg AD, Ting W. Appropriate timing of surgical intervention after transmural acute myocardial infarction. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:115-20 https://doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2003.75
  17. Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. Role of cardiac surgery in the hospital phase management of patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:1292-96 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(00)00758-X