Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases

The Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases (대한결핵및호흡기학회)
권호 표지

Airway Remodeling

기도 개형

  • Kim, Kwan Hyong (Department of Internal Medicine The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine)
  • 김관형 (가톨릭대학교 의과대학 내과학교실)
  • Published : 2006.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Keywords

References

  1. Huber HL, Koessler KK. The pathology of fatal asthma. Arch Intern Med 1922;30:689-760 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1922.00110120002001
  2. James AL. Relationship between airway wall thickness and airway hyperresponsiveness. In: Stewart AG, editor. Airway wall remodeling in asthma. New York: CRC Press; 1997. p. 1–28
  3. Jenkins HA, Cool C, Szefler SJ, Covar R, Brugman S, Gelfand EW, et al. Histopathology of severe childhood asthma: a case series. Chest 2003;124:32-41 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.1.32
  4. Payne NR, Rogers AV, Adelroth E, Bandi V, Guntupalli KK, Bush A, et al. Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:78-82 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200205-414OC
  5. Moreno RH, Hogg JC, Pare PD. Mechanics of airway narrowing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:1171–80
  6. James AL, Pare PD, Hogg JC. The mechanics of airway narrowing in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:242–6
  7. Davies DE, Wicks J, Powell RM, Puddicombe SM, Holgate ST. Airway remodeling in asthma: new insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:215-25 https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2003.128
  8. Knight DA, Lane CL, Stick SM. Does aberrant activation of the epithelialmesenchymal trophic unit play a key role in asthma or is it an unimportant sideshow? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004;4:251-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2004.02.002
  9. Fernandes DJ, Mitchell RW, Lakser O, Dowell M, Stewart AG, Solwy J. Do inflammatory mediators influence the contribution of airway smooth muscle contraction to airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma? J Appl Physiol 2003;95:844-53 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00192.2003
  10. Beckett PA, Howarth PH. Pharmacotherapy and airway remodelling in asthma? Thorax 2003;58:163-74 https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.2.163
  11. Ricciardolo FL, di Stefano A, van Krieken JH, Sont JK, van Schadewijk A, Rabe KF, et al. Proliferation and inflammation in bronchial epithelium after allergen in atopic asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:905-11 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01686.x
  12. Dosanjh A, Zuraw B. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) decreases human bronchial epithelial cell migration and proliferation: implications for airway remodeling in asthma. J Asthma 2003;40:883-6 https://doi.org/10.1081/JAS-120023579
  13. Kumar RK, Herbert C, Foster PS. Expression of growth factors by airway epithelial cells in a model of chronic asthma: regulation and relationship to subepithelial fibrosis. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:567-75 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1917.x
  14. Ebina M, Takahashi T, Chiba T, Motomiya M. Cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscles underlying bronchial asthma: a 3-D morphometric study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:720–6
  15. Woodruff PG, Dolganov GM, Ferrando RE, Donnelly S, Hays SR, Solberg OD, et al. Hyperplasia of smooth muscle in mild to moderate asthma without changes in cell size or gene expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:1001-6 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200311-1529OC
  16. Benayoun L, Druilhe A, Drombet M, Aubier M, Pretolani M. Airway structural alterations selectively associated with severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;167:1360–8
  17. Johnson PR, Roth M, Tamm M, Hughes M, Ge Q, King G, et al. Airway smooth muscle cell proliferation is increased in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:474–7
  18. Roth M, Johnson PR, Borger P, Bihl MP, Rudiger JJ, King GG, et al. Dysfunctional interaction of C/EBPalpha and the glucocorticoid receptor in asthmatic bronchial smoothmuscle cells. N Engl J Med 2004;351:560-74 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021660
  19. Capra V, Habib A, Accomazzo MR, Ravasi S, Citro S, Levy-Toledano S, et al. Thromboxane prostanoid receptor in human airway smooth muscle cells: a relevant role in proliferation. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;474:149-59 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(03)02014-4
  20. Zhou L, Li J, Goldsmith AM, Newcomb DC, Giannola DM, Vosk RG, et al. Human bronchial smooth muscle cell lines show a hypertrophic phenotype typical of severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:703-11 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200307-964OC
  21. Halayko AJ, Kartha S, Stelmack GL, McConville J, Tam J, Camoretti-Mercado B, et al. PI(3)Kinase/TOR/p70S6K regulates contractile protein accumulation in airway myocyte differentiation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004;31:266-75 https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2003-0272OC
  22. Brewster CE, Howarth PH, Djukanovic R, Wilson J, Holgate ST, Roche WR. Myofibroblasts and subepithelial fibrosis in bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990;3:507–11
  23. Batra V, Musani AI, Hastie AT, Khurana S, Carpenter KA, Zangrilli JG, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, TGF-beta2, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 after segmental allergen challenge and their effects on alphasmooth alphasmooth muscle actin and collagen III synthesis by primary human lung fibroblasts. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:437-44 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01885.x
  24. Bergeron C, Page N, Joubert P, Barbeau B, Hamid Q, Chakir J. Regulation of procollagen I (alpha1) by interleukin-4 in human bronchial fibroblasts: a possible role in airway remodeling in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:1389-97 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01785.x
  25. Schmidt M, Sun G, Stacey MA, Mori L, Mattoli S. Identification of circulating fibrocytes as precursors of bronchial myofibroblasts in asthma. J Immunol 2003;171:380-9 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.171.1.380
  26. Nakamura Y, Esnault S, Maeda T, Kelly EA, Malter JS, Jarjour NN. Ets-1 regulates TNF-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tenascin expression in primary bronchial fibroblasts. J Immunol 2004;172:1945-52 https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1945
  27. Shute JK, Solic N, Shimizu J, McConnell W, Redington AE, Howarth PH. Epithelial expression and release of FGF-2 from heparan sulphate binding sites in bronchial tissue in asthma. Thorax 2004;59:557-62 https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2002.002626
  28. Johnson PR, Burgess JK, Underwood PA, Au W, Poniris MH, Tamm M, et al. Extracellular matrix proteins modulate asthmatic airway smooth muscle cell proliferation via an autocrine mechanism. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:690-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.312
  29. Freyer AM, Billington CK, Penn RB, Hall IP. Extracellular matrix modulates beta 2-adrenergic receptor signalling in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004;31:440-5 https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2003-0241OC
  30. Potter-Perigo S, Baker C, Tsoi C, Braun KR, Isenhath S, Altman GM, et al. Regulation of proteoglycan synthesis by leukotriene d4 and epidermal growth factor in bronchial smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004;30:101-8 https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2003-0050OC
  31. McParland BE, Macklem PT, Pare PD. Airway wall remodeling: friend or foe? J Appl Physiol 2003;95:426-34 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00159.2003
  32. Mauad T, Silva LF, Santos MA, Grinberg L, Bernardi FD, Martins MA, et al. Abnormal alveolar attachments with decreased elastic fiber content in distal lung in fatal asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:857-62 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200403-305OC
  33. Fredberg JJ, Inouye D, Miller B, Nathan M, Jafari S, Raboudi SH, et al. Airway smooth muscle, tidal stretches, and dynamically determined contractile states. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1752–9 https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9611016
  34. Gelb AF, Licuanan J, Shinar CM, Zamel N. Unsuspected loss of lung elastic recoil in chronic persistent asthma. Chest 2002;121:715–21
  35. Mauroy B, Filoche M, Weibel ER, Sapoval B. An optimal bronchial tree may be dangerous. Nature 2004;427:633-6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02287
  36. Niimi A, Matsumoto H, Takemura M, Ueda T, Chin K, Mishima M. Relationship of airway wall thickness to airway sensitivity and airway reactivity in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:983-8 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200211-1268OC
  37. Pare PD. Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: geometry is not everything! Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:913-4 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2307005
  38. Bumbacea D, Campbell D, Nguyen L, Carr D, Barnes PJ, Robinson D, et al. Parameters associated with persistent airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2004;24:122-8 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00077803
  39. Deng L, Fairbank NJ, Fabry B, Smith PG, Maksym GN. Localized mechanical stress induces timeependent actin cytoskeletal remodeling and stiffening in cultured airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004;287:C440-8 https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00374.2003
  40. Bonacci JV, Harris T, Stewart AG. Impact of extracellular matrix and strain on proliferation of bovine airway smooth muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:324-8 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03838.x
  41. Ludwig MS, Ftouhi-Paquin N, Huang W, Page N, Chakir J, Hamid Q. Mechanical strain enhances proteoglycan message in fibroblasts from asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:926-30 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01980.x
  42. An SS, Fabry B, Mellema M, Bursac P, Gerthoffer WT, Kayyali US, et al. Role of heat shock protein 27 in cytoskeletal remodeling of the airway smooth muscle cell. J Appl Physiol 2004;96:1701-13 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01129.2003
  43. Blackburn MR, Lee CG, Young HW, Young HW, Zhu Z, Chunn JL, et al. Adenosine mediates IL-13-induced inflammation and remodeling in the lung and interacts in an IL-13-adenosine amplification pathway. J Clin Invest 2003;112:332-44 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200316815
  44. Grunig G. IL-13 and adenosine: partners in a molecular dance? J Clin Invest 2003;112:329-31 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI19392
  45. Flood-Page P, Menzies-Gow A, Phipps S, Ying S, Wangoo A, Ludwig MS, et al. Anti-IL-5 treatment reduces deposition of ECM proteins in the bronchial subepithelial basement membrane of mild atopic asthmatics. J Clin Invest 2003;112:1029-36 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI17974
  46. Foster PS, Webb DC, Yang M, Herbert C, Kumar RK. Dissociation of T helper type 2 cytokinedependent airway lesions from signal transducer and activator of transcription transcription 6 signalling in experimental chronic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:688-95 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01647.x
  47. Chakir J, Shannon J, Molet S, Fukakusa M, Elias J, Laviolette M, et al. Airway remodeling-associated mediators in moderate to severe asthma: effect of steroids on TGF-beta, IL-11, IL-17, and type I and type III collagen expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111:1293-8 https://doi.org/10.1067/mai.2003.1557
  48. Johnson JR, Wiley RE, Fattouh R, Swirski FK, Gajewska BU, Coyle AJ, et al. Continuous exposure to house dust mite elicits chronic airway inflammation and structural remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;169:378-85 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200308-1094OC
  49. Laprise C, Sladek R, Ponton A, Bernier MC, Hudson TJ, Laviolette M. Functional classes of bronchial mucosa genes that are differentially expressed in asthma. BMC Genomics 2004;5:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-5-21
  50. Jongepier H, Boezen HM, Dijkstra A, Howard TD, Vonk JM, Koppelman GH, et al. Polymorphisms of the ADAM33 gene are associated with accelerated lung function decline in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:757-60 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1938.x
  51. Mahut B, Delclaux C, Tillie-Leblond I, Gosset P, Delacourt C, Zerah-Lancner F, et al. Both inflammation and remodeling influence nitric oxide output in children with refractory asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:252-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.10.038
  52. Cataldo DD, Gueders M, Munaut C, Rocks N, Bartsch P, Foidart JM, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases mRNA transcripts in the bronchial secretions of asthmatics. Lab Invest 2004;84:418-24 https://doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.3700063
  53. James AL, Maxwell PS, Pearce-Pinto G, Elliot JG, Carroll NG. The relationship of reticular basement membrane thickness to airway wall remodeling in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1590–5
  54. Shaw TJ, Wakely SL, Peebles CR, Mehta RL, Turner JM, Wilson SJ, et al. Endobronchial ultrasound to assess airway wall thickening: validation in vitro and in vivo. Eur Respir J 2004;23:813-7 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00119904
  55. Armstrong JJ, Leigh MS, Wlaton ID. In vitro size and shape measurement of the human upper airway using endoscopic long-range optical coherence tomography. Opt Express 2003;11:1817-26 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.11.001817
  56. Niimi A, Matsumoto H, Amitani R, Nakano Y, Sakai H, Takemura M, et al. Effect of short-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroid on airway wall thickening in asthma. Am J Med 2004;116:725-31 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.11.026
  57. James A, King G. The computed tomographic scan: a new tool to monitor asthma treatment? Am J Med 2004;116:775-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.02.012
  58. Tanaka H, Yamada G, Saikai T, Hashimoto M, Tanaka S, Suzuki K, et al. Increased airway vascularity in newly diagnosed asthma using a high-magnification bronchovideoscope. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003;168:1495-9 https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200306-727OC
  59. Oshita Y, Koga T, Kamimura T, Matsuo K, Rikimaru T, Aizawa H. Increased circulating 92 kDa matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) activity in exacerbations of asthma. Thorax 2003;58:757-60 https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.9.757
  60. James A. Airway remodeling in asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2005;11:1-6 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mcp.0000146779.26339.d8
  61. Fahy JV, Corry DB, Boushey HA. Airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2000;6:15–10 https://doi.org/10.1097/00063198-200001000-00004