Results of Application of Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Empyema Thoracis

흉강경을 이용한 농흉 치료의 결과

  • Choi, Gi Hoon (Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University) ;
  • Choi, Goang Min (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University) ;
  • Kim, Hyoung Soo (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University) ;
  • Cho, Seong Joon (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Ryu, Se Min (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University) ;
  • Ahn, Hee Cheol (Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University) ;
  • Seo, Jeong Yeol (Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University)
  • 최기훈 (한림대학교 의과대학 응급의학과교실) ;
  • 최광민 (한림대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 김형수 (한림대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 조성준 (강원대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 류세민 (강원대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 안희철 (한림대학교 의과대학 응급의학과교실) ;
  • 서정열 (한림대학교 의과대학 응급의학과교실)
  • Received : 2006.09.18
  • Accepted : 2006.10.17
  • Published : 2006.11.30

Abstract

Background: Since video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was introduced as a new treatment modality for empyema thoracis, numerous reports have suggested that VATS is a more effective treatment method than the traditional methods that mainly use antibiotics and drainage apparatus. However, no confirmative evidence of the superiority of VATS over the traditional method has been provided yet. Methods: We attempted to evaluate the efficacy of VATS for the treatment of empyema thoracis by reviewing past medical records and simple chest films. First, we divided the patients into two groups based on the treatment method: group A of 15 patients who were treated with the traditional method between January 2001 and December 2003, and group B of 9 patients who were treated with VATS between December 2003 and August 2006. The final outcomes used in this study were the number of days of hospital stay, chest tube duration, leukocytosis duration, febrile duration, and intravenous antibiotics usage duration. In addition, radiological improvements were compared. Results: The mean age(${\pm}$standard deviation) of 11 men and 4 women in group A was $58.2{\pm}15.7$ years, and of 9 men and 2 women in group B was $51.6{\pm}9.5$ years. Group B had a significantly shorter hospital stay ($16.6{\pm}7.4$ vs. $33.7{\pm}22.6$ days; p=0.014), shorter chest tube duration ($10.5{\pm}5.7$ vs. $19.5{\pm}14.4$ days; p=0.039), shorter leukocytosis duration ($6.7{\pm}6.5$ vs. $18.8{\pm}13.2$ days; p=0.008), shorter febrile duration ($0.8{\pm}1.8$ vs. $9.4{\pm}9.2$ days; p=0.004), and shorter duration of intravenous antibiotics usage ($14.9{\pm}6.4$ vs. $25.4{\pm}13.9$ days; p=0.018). However, radiological improvements did not show any statistical differences. Conclusion: Early application of VATS for empyema thoracis treatment reduced hospital stay, thoracostomy tube duration, leukocytosis duration, febrile duration, and antibiotics usage duration in comparison with the traditional methods. The early performing of VATS might be an effective treatment modality for empyema thoracis.

연구배경: 농흉을 치료하는데 VATS가 도입된 후 VATS의 유용성에 대해 많은 연구의 결과들이 보고 되고 있으며 실제로 치료 프로토콜에도 변화를 가져왔으나 아직까지는 문헌상의 보고가 양적으로 충분하지 못하며 기존의 치료방법에 비해 VATS의 장점 역시 명확하게 검증되어 있지 못한 상태이다. 방 법: 의무기록과 흉부 방사선 사진을 검토하여 기존의 치료 환자 군과 VATS 환자 군을 비교하였다. 2001년 1월부터 2003년 12월까지 한림대학교 춘천성심병원에 농흉으로 입원하여 기존의 방법으로 치료받은 환자들을 A군으로 하고 2003년 12월부터 2006년 8월까지 농흉으로 흉강경 수술을 받은 환자들을 B군으로 나누어 입원기간, 흉관 유지 기간, 백혈구증가증이 있던 기간, 발열이 있던 기간, 항생제 사용기간을 비교하였다. 그리고 흉막비후, 갈비가로막각이 각각 치료 전후 어떻게 변하였는지 비교하여 보았다. 결 과: A군은 15명으로 남자가 11명, 여자가 4명이었고, 평균 나이는 $58.2{\pm}15.7$세 이었고, B군은 11명으로 남자가 9명, 여자가 2명이었으며 평균 나이는 $51.6{\pm}9.5$세 이었다. B군에서 입원 기간($16.6{\pm}7.4$일, A군은 $33.7{\pm}22.6$일; p=0.014)과 흉관 유지 기간($10.5{\pm}5.7$일, A군은 $19.5{\pm}14.4$일; p=0.039), 백혈구증가기간($6.7{\pm}6.5$일, A군은 $18.8{\pm}13.2$일; p=0.008), 발열 기간($0.8{\pm}1.8$일, A군은 $9.4{\pm}9.2$일; p=0.004), 항생제 사용기간(B군 $14.9{\pm}6.4$일, A군 $25.4{\pm}13.9$일; p=0.018)이 A군에서보다 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 그러나 흉막비후, 갈비가로막의 둔함의 정도는 통계적으로 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론: 농흉에서 흉강경을 이용한 치료를 하면 기존의 방법에 비해 입원 기간, 흉관 유지기간, 백혈구증가증 기간, 발열 기간, 항생제 사용기간을 단축시킬 수 있어 환자의 증상을 더 빨리 개선시키며, 흉관을 조기에 제거할 수 있고 입원기간을 단축시킨다.

Keywords

References

  1. Lee RB. Chapter 28B. Benign pleural disease: empyema thoracis. In: Sellke FW, Del Nido PJ, Swanson SJ, editors. Sabiston and Spencer surgery of the chest. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 431-34
  2. Striffeler H, Gugger M, Im Hof V, Cerny A, Furrer M, Ris H. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for fibrinopurulent pleural empyema in 67 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65:319-23 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(97)01188-0
  3. Suzuki T, Kitami A, Suzki S, Kamio Y, Narushima M, Suzuki H. Video-assisted thoracoscopic sterilization for exacerbation of chronic empyema thoracis. Chest 2001;119:277-80 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.1.277
  4. Kim BY, Oh BS, Jang WC, Min YI, Park YK, Park JC. Video-assisted thoracoscopic decortication for management of postpneumonic pleural empyema. Am J Surg 2004;188:321.4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2004.06.009
  5. Son JH, Shin YC, Mo E, Chee HK, Kim EJ, Shin HS. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for fibrinopurulent empyema. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;36:404-10
  6. Maier A, Domej W, Anegg U, Woltsche M, Fell B, Pinter H, et al. Computed tomography or ultrasonically guided pigtail catheter drainage in multiloculated pleural empyema: a recommended procedure? Respirology 2000;5:119-24 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2000.00237.x
  7. Jimenez Castro D, Diaz G, Perez-Rodriguez E, Light RW. Prognostic features of residual pleural thickening in parapneumonic pleural effusions. Eur Respir J 2003;21:952-5 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00099502
  8. de Pablo A, Villena V, Echave-Sustaeta J, Encuentra AL. Are pleural fluid parameters related to the development of residual pleural thickening in tuberculosis? Chest 1997;112:1293-7 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.5.1293
  9. Wyser C, Walzl G, Smedema J, Swart F, van Schalkwyk EM, van de Wal BW. Corticosteroids in the treatment of tuberculous pleurisy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Chest 1996;110: 333-8 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.110.2.333
  10. Cottagnoud P, Tomasz A. Triggering of pneumococcal autolysis by lysozyme. J Infect Dis 1993;167:684-90 https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/167.3.684
  11. Light RW. Chapter 9. Parapneumonic effusions and empyema, Chapter 10. Tuberculous pleural effusions. In: Light RW, editor. Pleural disease, 4th ed. Philadelphia PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 151-95
  12. Carey J A , Hamilton JR, Spencer DA, Gould K, Hasan A. Empyema thoracis: a role for open thoracotomy and decortication. Arch Dis Child 1998;79:510.3 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.79.6.510
  13. Mandal AK, Thadepalli H, Mandal AK, Chettipally U. Outcome of primary empyema thoracis: therapeutic and microbiologic aspects. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;66: 1782.6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(98)00601-8
  14. Wait MA, Sharma S, Hohn J, Nogare AD. A randomized trial of empyema therapy. Chest 1997;111: 1548-51 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.111.6.1548
  15. Landreneau RJ, Keenan RJ, Hazelrigg SR, Mack MJ, Naunheim KS. Thoracoscopy for empyema and hemothorax. Chest 1996;109:18-24 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.109.1.18
  16. Rodriguez JA, Hill CB, Loe WA Jr, Kirsch DS, Liu DC. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for children with stage II empyema. Am Surg 2000;66:569-73
  17. Kim YJ. Video-assisted thoracoscopy in the treatment of multi loculated pleural effusion and empyema. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;37:160-5
  18. Luh SP, Chou MC, Wang LS, Chen JY, Tsai TP. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic effusions or empyemas. Chest 2005;127:1427-32 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.127.4.1427
  19. Coote N, Kay E. Surgical versus non-surgical management of pleural empyema(review). The Cochrane database of systemic reviews 2005; Issue 4. Art. No:CD001956.pub
  20. Banga A, Khilnani GC, Sharma SK, Dey AB, Wig N, Banga N. A study of empyema thoracis and role of intrapleural streptokinase in its management. BMC Infect Dis 2004;4:19 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-4-19
  21. Pierrepoint MJ, Evans A, Morris SJ, Harrison SK, Doull IJ. Pigtail catheter drain in the treatment of empyema thoracis. Arch Dis Child 2002;87:331-2 https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.87.4.331
  22. Barnes NP, Hull J, Thomson AH. Medical management of parapnuemonic pleural disease. Pediatric Pulmonol 2005;39:127-34 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.20127
  23. Balci AE, Eren S, Ulku R, Eren MN. Management of multiloculated empyema thoracis in children: thoracotomy versus fibrinolytic treatment. Eur J Cardiothoracic Surg 2002;22:595-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00379-2
  24. Bouros D, Antoniou KM, Chalkiadakis G, Drositis J, Petrakis I, Siafakas N. The role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the treatment of parapneumonic empyema after the failure of fibrinolytics. Surg Endosc 2002;16:151.4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-001-9028-3
  25. Lawrence DR, Ohri SK, Moxon RE, Townsend ER, Fountain SW. Thoracoscopic debridement of empyema thoracis. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:1148-50