Nutritional Sciences

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Effects of Normal Diet with or without Naringin Supplement Following Ethanol Diet on Changes in Lipid Profiles and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Rats

  • Seo, Hyun-Ju (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Lee, Hyo-Sun (Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Choi, Myung-Sook (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University)
  • Published : 2006.05.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate the effect of normal diet with or without naringin supplement on the lipid and antioxidant metabolism in ethanol-treated rats for a short tenn. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n=10), which were assigned to one of three dietary categories : $E_8$ : ethanol diet for 8 wks, $E_4N_4$ : ethanol diet for the first 4 wks and normal diet for the last 4 wks, $E_4Nna_4$ : ethanol diet for the first 4 wks and normal diet with naringin supplement for the last 4 wks. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in ethanol fed rats for 8 weeks. The HDL-C/total-C ratios of the $E_4N_4$ and the $E_4Nna_4$ groups were significantly higher than that of the $E_8$ group, while the atherogenic index was lower in the $E_4N_4$ and the $E_4Nna_4$ groups than in the $E_8$ group. The $E_4N_4$ and $E_4Nna_4$ diets significantly lowered both the hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared to the $E_8$ group. Accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets was observed to be the highest in the $E_8$ group. In the current study, the naringin supplement to normal diet significantly lowered both the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities in ethanol pre-treated rats for 4 weeks. Antioxidant enzyme activities were also upregulated when ethanol feeding was ceased. Naringin supplement given for 4 weeks after ethanol cessation resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipids and plasma TBARS as well as the hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities compared to the rats given ethanol diet for the entire 8 weeks. Replacement of normal diet following a short tenn ethanol feeding was effective for the recovery of ethanol-induced fatty liver and for normalizing plasma and hepatic lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities, regardless of an additional phytochemical supplement, naringin. The effect of naringin could seemingly be more evident if its supplementation period had been extended longer than 4 weeks after ethanol cessation.

Keywords

References

  1. Stewart S, Jones D, Day CP. Alcoholic liver disease: new insights into mechanisms and preventative strategies. TRENDS in Molecular Medicine 7:408-413, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1471-4914(01)02096-2
  2. Lieber CS. Hepatic metabolic and toxic effect of ethanol: 1991 update. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:573-592, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00563.x
  3. Liber CS. Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update. Hepatology 106: 1085-1105, 1994
  4. McDonough KH. Antioxidant nutrients and alcohol. Toxicology 189:89-97, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00155-0
  5. Liber CS. Alcoholic liver injury: Pathogenesis and therapy in 2001. Pathologie et Biologie 49:738-752, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0369-8114(01)00239-5
  6. Halliwell B. Drug antioxidant effects: A basis for drug selection? Drugs 42:569-605, 1991 https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199142040-00003
  7. Haenen GRMM, Paquay JBG, Korthouwer REM, Bast A. Peroxynitrite scavenging by flavonoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 236:591-593, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7016
  8. Ng TB, Liu F, Wang ZT. Antioxidative activity of natural products from plants. Life Sci 66:709-723, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00642-6
  9. Maidonneau-Parini I, Braquet P, Garay RP. Heterogeneous effect of flavonoids on $K^+-loss$ and lipid peroxidation induced by oxygen free radicals in human red cells. Pharmacol Res Commun 18:61-72, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-6989(86)90159-1
  10. Kaul TN, Middlenton E Jr, Ogra PL. Antiviral effect of flavonoids on human viruses. J Med Viral 15:71-79, 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890150110
  11. Tsai SH, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK. Suppresion of nitric oxide synthase and the down-regulation of the activation of NfkappaB in macrophages by resveratrol. Br J Pharmacol 126:673-680, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702357
  12. Le Marchand L, Murphy SP, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN. Intake of flavonoids and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 92:154-160, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.2.154
  13. Leiber CS, DeCarli LM. The feeding of ethan이 in liquid diets: 1986 update. Alcoholism Clin Experi Research 10:550-553, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05140.x
  14. Sund H, Theorell H. The enzymes (2nd ed). Academic Press, New York, 1963
  15. Allain CC, Poon LS, Chen CSG, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clin Chem 20(4):470-475, 1974
  16. Warnick GR, Albers JJ. A comprehensive evaluation of the heparin-manganease precipitation procedure for estimating a high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Lipid Res 19(1):65-76, 1978
  17. McGrowan MW, Arists JD, Strandbergh DR, Zak B. A peroxidase-coupled method for the colorimetric determination of serum triglycerides. Clin Chem 29(3):538-542, 1983
  18. Folch J, Lees M, Sloan-Stanley GH. A simple method for isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497-509, 1957
  19. Hulcher FH, Oleson WH. Simplified spectrophotometric assay for microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase by measurement of coenzyme A. J Lipid Res 14:625-631, 1973
  20. Brdaford MM. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72:248-254, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  21. Shapiro DJ, Nordstrom JL, Mitschelen JJ, Rodwell VW, Schimke RT. Micro assay for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in rat liver and in L-cell fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 370:369-377, 1974 https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(74)90098-9
  22. Erickson SK, Schrewsbery MA, Brooks C, Meyer DJ. Rat liver acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferse: Its regulation in vivo and some of properties in vitro. J lipid Res 21:930-941, 1980
  23. Gillies PJ, Rathgeb KA, Perri MA, Robinson CS. Regulation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in normal and atherosclerotic rabbit aortas: Role of a cholesterol substrate pool. Exp Mol Pathol 44:320-339, 1986
  24. Culling GFA. Handbook of histopathological and histochemical techniques, 3rd ed. Butterworths, London, 1974
  25. Statter DH. Textbook of small animal surgery, Vol 1, pp .543, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1985
  26. Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry 47:469-474, 1974 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
  27. Aebi H. Catalase in 'Method of Enzymatic Analysis', vol II, pp.673-684, Academic Press, New York, 1974
  28. Paglia ED, Valentine WN. Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocytes glutathion peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine 70:158-169, 1979
  29. Pinto RE, Bartley W. The effect of age and sex on glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities and on aerobic glutathione oxidation in rat liver homogenates. The Biochemical Journal 112:109-115, 1969 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1120109
  30. Pitkanen E, Pitkanen O, Uotil L. Enzymatic determination of unbound D-mannose in serum. European Journal of Clinical Chemisty and Clinical Biochemistry 35:761-766, 1997
  31. Tarladgis BG, Pearson AM, Duran LR. Chemistry of the 2-thio-barbituric acid test for determination of oxidative rancidity in foods. Journal of Scientific Food Agriculture 15:602-607, 1964 https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740150904
  32. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry 95:351-358, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
  33. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl group. Arch Biochem Biopsy 82:70-77, 1959 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6
  34. Zima T, Fialova L, Mestek O, Janebova M, Crkovska J, Malbohan I, Stipek S, Mikulikova L, Popov P. Oxidative stress, metabolism of ethanol and alcohol-related diseases. J Biomed Sci 8:59-79, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02255972
  35. Suter PM, Gerritsen- Zehnder M, Hasler E, Gurtler M, Vetter W, HanseIer E. Effect of alcohol on postprandial lipemia with and without preprandial exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 20:58-64, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2001.10719015
  36. Pakkar NE, Wedel M, Beek VD, Dokkum D, Kempen HJ, Kluft C, Ochhuzen T, Hermis RJ. Effect of moderate alcohol consumption on platelet aggregation fibronolysis and blood lipids. Metabolism 36:538-548, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(87)90163-6
  37. Bok SH, Lee SH, Park YB, Bae KH, Son KH, Jeong TS, Choi MS. Plasma and hepatic cholesterol and hepatic activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase are lower in rats fed citrus peel extract or a mixture of citrus bioflavonoids. J Nutr 129:1182-1185, 1999
  38. Lee SH, Jeong TS, Park YB, Kwon YK, Choi MS, Bok SH. Hypocholesterolemic effect of hesperidin mediated by inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductasen and acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltranferase in rats fed high-cholesterol diet. Nutr Res 19:1245-1258, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(99)00085-8
  39. Daniel Bunout MD. Nutritional and metabolic effects of alcoholism: Their relationship with alcoholic liver disease. Nutrition 15(718):583-589, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00090-8
  40. Bok SH, Shin YW, Bae KH, Jeong TS, Kwon YK, Park YB, Choi MS. Effects of naringin and lovastatin on plasma and hepatic lipids in high-fat and high-cholesterol fed rats. Nutrition Research 20(7):1007-1075, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00191-3
  41. James LG, Sareen SG, Sara MH. Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, 2nd ed. West Publication Co., Minneapolos/St. Paul, 1995
  42. Chang TY, Chang CC, Cheng D. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase. Annu Rev Biochem 66:613-638, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.613
  43. Warner GJ, Stoudt G, Bamberger M, Johnson WJ, Rothblat GH. Cell toxicity induced by inhibition of acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase and accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. J Biol Chem 270:5772-5778, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.11.5772
  44. Tabas I, Marathe S, Keesler GA, Beatini N, Shiratori Y. Evidence that the initial up-regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in free cholesterol-loaded macrophage is an adaptive response that prevents cholesterol-induced cellular necrosis. Proposed role of an eventual failure of this response in foam cell necrosis in advanced atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 271:22773-22781, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.37.22773
  45. Kellner-Weibel G, Jerome WG, Small DM, Warner GJ, Stoltenborg JK, Kearney MA, Corjay MH, Phillips MK, Rothblat GH. Effects of intracellular free cholesterol accumulation on macrophage viability: A model for foam cell death. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:423-431, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.18.3.423
  46. Kim HJ, Oh GT, Park YB, Lee MK, Seo HJ, Choi MS. Naringin alters the cholesterol biosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities in LDL receptor-knockout mice under cholesterol fed condition. Life Sciences 74:1621-1634, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.08.026
  47. Mansuroi A, Demeilliers C, Amsellem S, Pessayre D, Fromenty B. Acute Ethanol Administration Oxidatively Damages and Depletes Mitochondrial DNA in Mouse Liver, Brain, Heart, and Skeletal Muscles: Protective Effects of Antioxidants. J Pharmacal Exp Ther 298(2):737-743, 2001
  48. Schlortf EC, Husann K, Somani SM. Dose- and time-dependent effects of ethanol on plasma antioxidant system in rat. Alcohol 17:97-105, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-8329(98)00039-1
  49. Chen YT, Zheng RL, JaiZJ, Ju Y. Flavonoids as superoxide scavengers and antioxidants. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 9: 19-21, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(90)90045-K
  50. Oh SI, Kim, CI, Chun HJ, Park SC. Chronic ethanol consumption affects glutathione status in rat liver. J Nutr 128:758-763, 1998
  51. Szweda LI, Uchida K, Tasi L, Stadtman ER. Inactivation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. J Biol Chem 268:3342-3347, 1993
  52. DiMascio P, Murphy ME, Sies H. Antioxidant defense systems, the role of carotenoids, tocopherol and thiols. Am J Clin Nutr 53:194S-200S, 1991
  53. Toussaint O, Houbion A, Remacle J. Relationship between the critical level of oxidative stress and the glutathione peroxidase activity. Toxicology 81:89-101, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(93)90001-9
  54. Shaw S, Rubin KP, Liber CS. Depressed hepatic glutathione and increased zinc onjugates in alcoholic liver disease, evidence of lipid perocidation. Dig Dis Sci 7:585-589, 1983
  55. Kakkar R, Kalra J, Mantha SV, Prasas K. Lipid peroxidation and activity of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 151:113-119, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01322333
  56. Shaw S, Jayatilleke E, Ross WA, Gordon ER, Liber CS. Ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation, potentitation by long-term alcohol feeding and attenuation by methionine. J Lab Clin Med 98:417-424, 1981
  57. Jeon SM, Bok SR, Jang MK, Lee MK, Nam KT, Park YB, Rhee SJ, Choi MS. Antioxidative activity of naringin and lovastatin in high cholesterol-fed rabbits. Life Sciences 69:2855-2866, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01363-7
  58. Kanno S, Shouji A, Asou K, Ishikawa M. Effects of naringin on hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in P388 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 92(2):166-170, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.92.166