Histological Analysis of Autologous Pericardial Tissue Used as a Small-Diameter Arterial Graft

소구경 동맥이식편으로 사용한 자가심란의 조직학적 분식

  • Yang Ji-Hyuk (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Seoul Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Sung Sang-Hyun (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul Medical Center) ;
  • Kim Won-Gon (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Heart Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center)
  • 양지혁 (성균관대학교 의과대학 삼성서울병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 성상현 (지방공사 서울의료원 흉부외과) ;
  • 김원곤 (서울대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실, 서울대학교 의학연구원 심장연구소)
  • Published : 2006.04.01

Abstract

Background: Current vascular prostheses are still inadequate for reconstruction of small-diameter vessels. Autologous pericardium can be a good alternative for this purpose as it already possesses good blood compatibility and shows a mechanical behavior similar to that of natural arteries. However, the clinical use of autologous pericardial tissue as a small-diameter vascular graft has limitations due to mixed outcomes from uncertain biological behavior and difficulty to gain reliable patency results in animal experiments. To study this issue, we implanted fresh and glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium as small-diameter arterial grafts in dogs, and compared their time-related changes histologically. Material and Method: As a form of 5mm-diameter arterial graft, one pair of autologous pericardial tissue was used for comparison between the glutaraldehyde-treated and the glutaraldehyde-untreated grafts in the bilateral carotid arteries in the same dog. The patency of the grafts were evaluated at regular intervals with Doppler ultrasonography. After the predetermined periods of 3 days, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months, the grafts in each animal were explanted. The retrieved grafts were processed for light and electron microscopic analyses following gross observation. Result: Of 7 animals, 2 were excluded from the study because one died postoperatively due to bleeding and the other was documented as one side of the grafts being obstructed. All 10 grafts in the remaining 5 dogs were patent. Grossly, a variable degree of thromboses were observed in the luminal surfaces of the grafts at 3 days and 2 weeks, despite good patency. Pseudointimal smooth blood-contacting surfaces were developed in the grafts at f month and later. By light microscopy, mesothelial cell layers of the pericardial tissue were absent in all explanted grafts. Newly formed endothelial cell layers on the blood-contacting surface were observed in both the glutaraldehyde-treated and fresh grafts at 3 months and later. The collagen fibers became degraded by fragmentation in the fresh graft at 1 month and In the glutaraldehyde-treated graft at 3 months. At 6 months, the collagen layers were no longer visible in either the glutaraldehyde-treated or fresh grafts. By electron microscopy, a greater amount of coarse fibrin fibers were observed in the fresh grafts than in the glutaraldehyde-treated grafts and, more compact and well-arrayed layers were observed in the glutaraldehyde-treated grafts than in the fresh grafts. Conclusion: The glutaraldehyde-treated small-diameter pericardial arterial grafts showed a better endothelialization of the blood-contacting surface and a slower fragmentation of the collagen layers than the fresh grafts, although it has yet to be proven whether these differences are so significant as to affect the patency results between the groups.

배경: 현재까지 개발된 인조혈관들은 소구경 혈관에서는 좋은 성적을 보이지 못하고 있다. 심혈관외과 분야에서 빈번히 사용되는 심낭은 우수한 혈액 적합성 및 실제 동맥과 유사한 물리적 성상을 가진 것으로 알려져 있어 이에 대한 대안이 될 수 있으나, 소구경 혈관이식편으로 사용하기에는 동물실험에서 개통성을 얻기 어렵고 결과가 일정치 않아 제한이 따른다. 이에 저자들은 글루타르알데하이드(glutaraldehyde)로 처치한 자가심낭과, 아무런 처치를 가하지 않은 자가심낭으로 소구경 혈관이식편을 만들어 이를 실험동물에 이식하고, 시간에 따른 조직학적 변화를 관찰하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 0.6% 글루타르알데하이드로 처리한 자가심낭과 아무런 처치를 하지 않은 신선 자가심낭으로 직경 5 mm의 혈관이식편을 만들어 동일한 잡견의 양측 경동맥에 각각 삽입하였다. 술 후 초음파를 이용하여 정기적으로 동맥이식편의 개통 여부를 확인하였고, 예정된 기간(3일, 2주, 1개월, 3개월, 6개월)이 경과한 후 이를 적출하여 육안소견, 광학 및 전자현미경 소견을 비교하였다. 결과: 같은 과정을 거친 7마리 중 술 후 사망한 1예와 한쪽 이식편이 막힌 경우 1예를 제외한 5예에서 이식편의 개통성이 유지되었다. 육안소견 상, 3일과 2주째 적출한 이식편에서는 다양한 정도의 혈전이 관찰되었으나, 1개월 이후의 이식편에서는 위내막성의 매끈한 막이 혈액접촉면에 형성되었다. 광학현미경 상, 모든 이식편에서 중피세포층은 사라졌으며, 3개월과 6개월째 이식편들에서는 혈액접촉면에 내피세포층이 발견되었다. 콜라젠층은 신선 자가심낭을 이용한 군에서는 1개월째, 글루타르알데하이드로 처치한 군에서는 3개월째부터 분해가 관찰되어, 6개월째에는 어느 군에서도 콜라젠층을 찾아볼 수 없었다. 전자현미경 상, 1개월째에는 신선 심낭을 이용한 이식편에서 더 거친 섬유소의 침착이 관찰되었고, 3개월 이후에는 글루타르알데하이드로 처치한 이식편의 내피세포층이 더 조밀하게 잘 배열되어 있었다. 결론: 글루타르알데하이드로 처리한 자가심낭을 이용한 소구경 동맥이식편이 신선한 자가심낭으로 만든 이식편보다 혈액접촉면에 내피세포 형성이 잘 되고, 콜라젠층이 더 늦게 분절됨을 발견하였다. 그러나 이러한 차이가 개통성에 영향을 줄 정도로 유의한 것인가에 대해서는 향후 추가의 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

Keywords

References

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