Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine (대한예방의학회)
권호 표지

Influencing Factors that Affect the Biological Monitoring of Workers Exposed to N,N-Dimethylformamide in Textile Coating Factories

섬유코팅업종사 근로자에서 디메틸포름아미드의 폭로에 의한 생물학적 모니터링에 영향을 미치는 인자

  • Chung, In-Sung (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center) ;
  • Kim, Jong-Ghan (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center) ;
  • Choi, Sang-Kug (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center) ;
  • Bae, Jong-Youn (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center) ;
  • Lee, Mi-Young (Preventive Medicine, Keimyung University College of Medicine)
  • 정인성 (동산병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 김종환 (동산병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 최상국 (동산병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 배종연 (동산병원 산업의학과) ;
  • 이미영 (계명대학교 의과대학 예방의학교실)
  • Published : 2006.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives : The objective of this study is to assess the factors influencing biological monitoring of textile coating factory workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF). Methods : We studied 35 workers who were occupationally exposed to DMF from 9 textile coating factories. The study was carried out in two phases; summer and winter. While air concentration of DMF, temperature and humidity were assessed in order to monitor the atmospheric conditions, biological monitoring was done to determine the internal dose by analyzing the N-methylformamide(NMF) collected from urine at the beginning and end of the shift. Questionnaires and medical surveillance were also obtained during the two phases. Results : Median air concentrations of DMF in winter and summer were 1.85 ppm and 2.78 ppm respectively. Also the difference between the urinary NMF concentration at the beginning and end of the shift $({\Delta}NMF)$ was always significant in each season (P < 0.001). The correlations between log DMF in air, log end-of-shift urinary NMF (r=0.555, P < 0.001) and log ${\Delta}NMF$ (r = 0.444, P < 0.001) was statistically significant in summer. The temperature, humidity, a shift system and different styles of clothing worn were significantly different during the two phases. In a multivariate analysis, temperature and the concentration of DMF in the air were the main factors influencing biological monitoring of textile coating factory workers. Conclusions : Concerning more comprehensive prevention measures to reduce exposure for those workers occupationally exposed to DMF, dermal exposure conditions such as temperature and humidity together with the air concentration of DMF should be assessed and biological monitoring is necessary to reduce adverse health effects, especially during the summer.

Keywords

References

  1. Flemming LE, Shalat SL, Redlich CA. Liver injury in workers exposed to dimethylformamide. Scand J Work Environ Health 1990; 16: 289-292 https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1782
  2. Redlich CA, West AB, Flemming L, True LD, Cullen MR, Riely CA. Clinical and pathological characteristics of hepatotoxicity associates with occupational exposure to dimethylformamide. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 748-757 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)90964-3
  3. Scailteur V, Lauwerys RR. Dimethylformamide hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 1987;43: 231-238 https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(87)90082-5
  4. Kho SB, Cha BS, Kim KW, Kang SK, Jong HS. Induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 by N,N-dimethylformamide in sprague-dawley rats. Korean J Prev Med 1999; 32(1): 88-94 (Korean)
  5. Henschler D, Lehnert G. Dimethylformamide. In: Biologixche Arbeitsstoff- Toleranz- Werte (BAT- Werte), Arbeitsmedizinisch-toxikologische Begrundungen, 7th ed. Weinheim: VCH; 1994. p.1-7
  6. Mraz J, Nohova H Percutaneous absorption of N,N-dimethylformamide in humans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992; 64: 79-83 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381473
  7. Maxfield ME, Barnes JR, Azar A, Trochimowicz HT. Urinary excretion of metabolite following experimental human exposure to DMF or to DMAC. J Occup Med 1975; 17: 506-511
  8. Kawai T, Yasugi T, Mizunuma K, Watanabe T, Cai SX, Huang MT, Xi LQ, Qu JB, Yao BZ, Ikeda M. Occupational dimethylformamide exposure 2. Monomethylformamide excretion in urine after occupational dimethylformamide exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992; 63:455-460 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00572111
  9. Cassinelli ME, O'Connor PF. NIOSH Manual of analytical methods, no. 2004 issue 2, 4th ed. NIOSH Publication 94-113 1994 Aug 15. Available from: URL:http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/mehod-d.html
  10. Chang HY, Tsai CY, Lin YQ, Shih TS, Lin WC. Total body burden arising from a seek's repeated dermal exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide. Occup Environ Med 2005;62: 151-156 https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.016089
  11. Nomiyama T, Nakashima H, Chen LL, Tanaka S, Miyauchi H, Yamauchi T, Sakurai H, Omae K. N.N-Dimethylformamide: significance of dermal absorption and adjustment method for urinary N-methylformamide concentration as a biological exposure item. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001; 74: 224-228 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200000207
  12. Imbriani M, Maestri L, Marraccini P, Saretto G, Alessio A, Negri S, Ghittori S. Urinary determination of N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine and N-methylformamide in workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2002; 75: 445-452 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-002-0335-3
  13. Wrbitzky R, Angerer J. N,N-Dimethylformamide-influence of working conditions and skin penetration on the internal exposure of workers in synthetic textile production. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1998; 71: 309-316 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050286
  14. Kuo HW, Huang YS, Lo JC, Cheng MJ, Chang W. Exposure to solvents in a synthetic leather. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000; 73: 275-280 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050428
  15. Sakai T, Kageyama H, Araki T, Yosida T, Kuribayashi H, Masuyama Y. Biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide by determination of the urinary metabolites, N-methylformamide and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1995; 67: 125-129 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00572236
  16. Yang JS, Kim EA,Lee MY, Park IJ, Kang SK. Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to N,N-dimethylformamide-the effects of co-exposure to toluene or dermal exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000; 73: 463-470 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200000168