Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

The Korea Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine (대한기생충학·열대의학회)
권호 표지

Genotype analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. prevalent in a rural village in Hwasun-gun, Republic of Korea

  • PARK Jae-Hwan (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center) ;
  • GUK Sang-Mee (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center) ;
  • HAN Eun-Taek (Department of Parasitology, Kangwon National University College of Medicine) ;
  • SHIN Eun-Hee (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center) ;
  • KIM Jae-Lip (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center) ;
  • CHAI Jong-Yil (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center)
  • Published : 2006.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Two species of Cryptosporidium are known to infect man; C. hominis which shows anthroponotic transmission between humans, and C. parvum which shows zoonotic transmission between animals or between animals and man. In this study, we focused on identifying genotypes of Cryptosporidium prevalent among inhabitants and domestic animals (cattle and goats), to elucidate transmittal routes in a known endemic area in Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. The existence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was confirmed using a modified ZiehlNeelsen stain. Human infections were found in 7 $(25.9\%)$ of 27 people examined. Cattle cryptosporidiosis cases constituted 7 $(41.2\%)$ of 17 examined, and goat cases 3 $(42.9\%)$ of 7 examined. Species characterizations were performed on the small subunit of the rRNA gene using both PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. Most of the human isolates were mixtures of C. hominis and C. parvum genotypes and similar PCR-RFLP patterns were observed in cattle and goat isolates. However, sequence analyses identified only C. hominis in all isolates examined. The natural infection of cattle and goats with C. hominis is a new and unique finding in the present study. It is suggested that human cryptosporidiosis in the studied area is caused by mixtures of C. hominis and C. parvum oocysts originating from both inhabitants and domestic animals.

Keywords

References

  1. Akiyoshi DE, Feng X, Buckholt MA, Widmer G, Tzipori S (2002) Genetic analysis of a Cryptosporidium parvum human genotype 1 isolate passaged through different host species. Infect Immun 70: 5670-5675 https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.70.10.5670-5675.2002
  2. Arrowood MJ, Sterling CR (1987) Isolation of Cryptosporidium oocysts and sporozoites using discontinuous sucrose and isopycnic Percoll gradients. J parasitol 73:314-319 https://doi.org/10.2307/3282084
  3. Chai JY, Shin SM, Yun CK, Yu JR, Lee SH (1990) Experimental activation of cryptosporidiosis in mice by immunosuppression. Korean J Parasitol 28: 31-37 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1990.28.1.31
  4. Chai JY, Lee SY, Guk SM, Lee SH (1996) An epidemiological survey of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in randomly selected villagers of Seoul and Chollanam-do, Korean J Parasitol 34: 113-119 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1996.34.2.113
  5. Chai JY, Kim NY, Guk SM, Park YK, Seo M, Han ET, Lee SH (2001) High prevalence and seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 518-522 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.518
  6. Eisenberg JN, Lei X, Hubbard AH, Brookhart MA, Colford JM Jr (2005) The role of disease transmission and conferred immunity in outbreaks: analysis of the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 161: 62-72 https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi005
  7. Feng X, Rich SM, Tzipori S, Widmer G (2002) Experimental evidence for genetic recombination in the opportunistic pathogen Cryptosporidium paroum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 119: 55-62 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-6851(01)00393-0
  8. Giles M, Webster KA, Marshall JA, Catchpole J, Goddard TM (2001) Experimental infection of a lamb with Cryptosporidium parvum genotype 1. Vet Rec 149: 523-525 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.149.17.523
  9. Griffiths JK (1998) Human cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical disease, treatment, and diagnosis. Adv Parasitol 40: 37-85 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60117-7
  10. Guk SM, Yong TS, Park SJ, Park JH, Chai JY (2004) Genotype and animal infectivity of a human isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 42: 85-89 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.85
  11. Kim K, Gooze L, Petersen C, Gut J, Nelson RG (1992) Isolation, sequence and molecular karyotype analysis of the actin gene of Cryptosporidium parvum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 50: 105-114 https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6851(92)90248-I
  12. McLauchlin J, Amar C, Pedraza-Diaz S, Nichols GL (2000) Molecular epidemiological analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. in the United Kingdom: results of genotyping Cryptosporidium spp. in 1,705 fecal samples from humans and 105 fecal samples from livestock animals. J Clin Microbiol 38: 3984-3990
  13. Mo IP, Yun HJ, Choi SH, Lee YO, Nam S (1988) Cryptosporidiosis in chicken. Korean J Vet Res 28: 175-177
  14. Morgan UM, Monis PT, Fayer R, Deplazes P, Thompson RCA (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among isolates of Cryptosporidium: evidence for several new species. J Parasitol 85: 1126-1133 https://doi.org/10.2307/3285678
  15. Morgan UM, Weber R, Xiao L, Sulaiman I, Thompson RCA, Ndiritu W, Lal A, Moore A, Deplazes P (2000a) Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates obtained from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals living in Switzerland, Kenya, and the United States. J Clin Microbiol 38: 1180-1183
  16. Morgan UM, Xiao L, Hill BD, O'Donoghue P, Limor J, Lal A, Thompson RCA (2000b) Detection of the Cryptosporidium parvum 'human' genotype in a dugong (Dugong dugan). J Parasitol 86: 1352-1354
  17. Morgan-Ryan UM, Fall A, Ward LA, Hijjawi N, Sulaiman I, Fayer R, Thompson RCA, Olson M, Lal A, Xiao L (2002) Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens. J Euk Microbiol 49: 433-440 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00224.x
  18. Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb JH, Sterling CR, Dupont HL (1999) Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J Infec Dis 180: 1275-1281 https://doi.org/10.1086/315033
  19. Peng MM, Xiao L, Freeman AR, Arrowood MJ, Escalante AA, Weltman AC, Ong CSL, MacKenzie WR, Lal AA, Beard CB (1997) Genetic polymorphism among Cryptosporidium parvum isolates: evidence of two distinct human transmission cycles. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 567-572 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0304.970423
  20. Perz JF, Le Blancq SM (2001) Cryptosporidium parvum infection involving novel genotypes in wildlife from lower New York State. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 1154-1162 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.67.3.1154-1162.2001
  21. Seo M, Huh S, Chai JY, Yu JR (2001) An epidemiological survey on Cryptosporidium parvum infection of inhabitants in Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do. Korean J Parasitol 39: 201-203 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.201
  22. Smith HV, Parker JF, Bukhari Z, Campbell DM, Benton C, Booth N, McCreadie A (1993) Significance of small numbers of Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts in water. Lancet 342: 312-313
  23. Spano F, Crisanti A (2000) The initiation translation factor eIF-4A of Cryptosporidium parvum is encoded by two distinct mRNA forms and shows DNA sequence polymorphism distinguishing genotype 1 and 2 isolates. J Parasitol 86: 777-782 https://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0777:TITFEO]2.0.CO;2
  24. Tyzzer EE (1907) A sporozoon found in the peptic glands of the common mouse. Proceed Soc Exp Biol Med 5: 12-13
  25. Widmer G (1998) Genetic heterogeneity and PCR detection of Cryptosporidium parvum. Adv Parasitol 40: 223-239 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60122-0
  26. Widmer G, Akiyoshi D, Buckholt MA, Feng X, Rich SM, Deary KM, Bowman CA, Xu P, Wang Y, Wang X, Buck GA, Tzipori S (2000) Animal propagation and genomic survey of a genotype 1 isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 108: 187-197 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-6851(00)00211-5
  27. Widmer G, Tzipori S, Fichtenbaum CJ, Griffiths JK (1998) Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from people with AIDS. J Infec Dis 178: 834-840 https://doi.org/10.1086/515373
  28. Xiao L, Bern C, Limor J, Sulaiman I, Roberts J, Checkley W, Cabrera L, Gilman RH, Lal AA (2001) Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. J Infec Dis 183: 492-497 https://doi.org/10.1086/318090
  29. Xiao L, Escalante L, Yang C, Sulaiman I, Escalante AA, Montali RJ, Fayer R, Lal AA (1999) Phylogenetic analysis of Cryptosporidium parasites based on the small-subunit rRNA gene locus. App Environ Microbiol 65: 1578-1583
  30. Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ (2004) Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 72-97 https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.17.1.72-97.2004