Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

The Korea Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine (대한기생충학·열대의학회)
권호 표지

Reemerging vivax malaria: changing patterns of annual incidence and control programs in the Republic of Korea

  • Han, Eun-Taek (Department of Parasitology, Kangwon National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Duk-Hyoung (Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention) ;
  • Park, Ki-Dong (Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, World Health Organization) ;
  • Seok, Won-Seok (Kangwon Institute of Health and Environment) ;
  • Kim, Young-Soo (Kangwon Institute of Health and Environment) ;
  • TSUBOI, Takafumi (Cell-free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University) ;
  • Shin, Eun-Hee (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center) ;
  • Chai, Jong-Yil (Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center)
  • Published : 2006.12.10
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Changing patterns of the reemerging Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) during the period 1993 to 2005 are briefly analyzed with emphasis on the control measures used and the effects of meteorological and entomological factors. Data were obtained from the Communicable Diseases Monthly Reports published by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and webpages of World Health Organization and United Nations. Meteorological data of Kangwon-do (Province) were obtained from local weather stations. After its first reemergence in 1993, the prevalence of malaria increased exponentially, peaking in 2000, and then decreased. In total, 21,419 cases were reported between 1993 and 2005 in South Korea. In North Korea, a total of 916,225 cases were reported between 1999 and 2004. The occurrence of malaria in high risk areas of South Korea was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the mosquito population but not with temperature and rainfall, Control programs, including early case detection and treatment, mass chemoprophylaxis of soldiers, and international financial aids to North Korea for malaria control have been instituted. The situation of the reemerging vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea is remarkably improving during the recent years, at least in part, due to the control activities undertaken in South and North Korea.

Keywords

References

  1. Bi P, Tong S, Donald K, Parton KA, Ni J (2003) Climatic variables and transmission of malaria: a 12-year data analysis in Shuchen County, China. Public Hlth Rep 118: 65-71 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50218-2
  2. Chai IH, Lim GI, Yoon SN, Oh WI, Kim SJ, Chai JY (1994) Occurrence of tertian malaria in a male patient who has never been abroad. Korean J Parasitol 32: 195-200 (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1994.32.3.195
  3. Chai JY (1999) Re-emerging Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 37: 129-143 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.129
  4. Chai JY (2002) Imported parasitic diseases in Korea. Commun Dis Monthly Rep, Republic of Korea 13: 137-143 (in Korean)
  5. Cho SH, Lee HW, Shin EH, Lee HI, Lee WG, Kim CH, Kim JT, Lee JS, Lee WJ, Jung GG, Kim TS (2002) A markrelease- recapture experiment with Anopheles sinensis in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol 40: 139-148 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.139
  6. Chol PT, Suwannapong N, Howteerakul N, 2005. Evaluation of a malaria control project in DPR Korea, 2001-2003. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Hlth 36: 565-571
  7. Feighner BH, Pak SI, Novakoski WL, Kelsey LL, Strickman D (1998) Reemergence of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea. Emerg Infec Dis 4: 295-297 https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0402.980219
  8. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (2003) Sustainable Malaria Control in DPR Korea (http://www.aidspan.org/globalfund/grants) Proposal (ID; 6681), Global Fund, Geneva, Switzerland
  9. Han ET, Park JH, Shin EH, Choi MH, Oh MD, Chai JY (2002) Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) gene sequences of re-emerging Plasmodium vivax in South Korea. Korean J Parasitol 40: 157-162 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.157
  10. Han ET, Song TE, Park JH, Shin EH, Guk SM, Kim TY, Chai JY (2004) Allelic dimorphism in the merozoite surface protein-$3{\alpha}$ in Korean isolates of Plasmodium vivax. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 745-749
  11. Jones RJr, Jackson LS, DiLorenzo A, Marx RL, Levy BL, Kenny EC, Gilbert M, Johnston MN, Alving AS (1953) Korean vivax malaria. III. Curative effect and toxicity of primaquine in doses from 10 to 30 mg daily. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2: 977-982 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1953.2.977
  12. Kho WG, Park YH, Chung JY, Kim JP, Hong ST, Lee WJ, Kim TS, Lee JS (1999) Two new genotypes of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein found in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 37: 265-270 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.265
  13. Kho WG, Chung JY, Sim EJ, Kim DW, Chung WC (2001) Analysis of polymorphic regions of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein of Korean isolates. Korean J Parasitol 39: 143-150 https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.143
  14. Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Republic of Korea (2002) Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Korea in 2001. Commun Dis Monthly Rep, Republic of Korea 13: 105-109 (in Korean)
  15. Lee JS, Lee WJ, Cho SH, Ree HI (2002) Outbreak of vivax malaria in areas adjacent to the demilitarized zone, South Korea, 1998. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 13-17 https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.13
  16. Lee MS, Lee KS, Yang BK, Kim DS, Ha BM, Park K, Kim EY, Kim YI (2003) A framework for monitoring the malaria eradication programme in Korea. Asia Pacific J Public Hlth 15: 44-49 https://doi.org/10.1177/101053950301500108
  17. Lindblade KA, Walker ED, Onapa AW, Katungu J, Wilson ML (1999) Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Nino. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 480-487 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90344-9
  18. Loevinsohn, ME (1994) Climatic warming and increased malaria incidence in Rwanda. Lancet 343: 714-718 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91586-5
  19. Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, Republic of Korea(1966) Malaria Pre-eradication Programme in Korea. Progress Report by National Malaria Eradication Service, 1961-1965. Seoul, Korea, pp. 44-70 (in Korean)
  20. Paik YH, Ree HI, Shim JC (1988) Malaria in Korea. Jpn J Exp Med 58: 55-66
  21. Park JW, Klein TA, Lee HC, Pacha LA, Ryu SH, Yeom JS, Moon SH, Kim TS, Chai JY, Oh MD, Choe KW (2003) Vivax malaria: a continuing health threat to the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 159-167
  22. Singh N, Sharma VP (2002) Patterns of rainfall and malaria in Madhya Pradesh, central India. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: 349-359 https://doi.org/10.1179/000349802125001113
  23. Soh CT, Lee KT, Im KI, Min DY, Ahn MH, Kim JJ, Yong TS (1985) Current status of malaria in Korea. Yonsei Rep Trop Med 16: 11-18
  24. United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (2003) DRP Korea: Situation Bulletin. WHO reports significant reduction of malaria cases (September and October, 2003). Pyongyang, DPRK (http://www. humanitarianinfo.org/dprk)
  25. United Nations (2003) Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2004; Humanitarian assistance contributed to dramatic reduction of malaria. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Geneva, Switzerland
  26. United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (2004) DRP Korea: Situation Bulletin. WHO Malaria Control between DPRK, South Korea and China (October and November, 2004). Pyongyang, DPRK (http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/dprk)
  27. World Health Organization (2004) Summary of WHO's major achievements in DPRK 2001-2004. WHO Update DPR Korea June 2004. Geneva, Switzerland
  28. Yeom JS, Ryu SH, Oh S, Lee WJ, Kim TS, Kim KH, Kim YA, Ahn SY, Cha JE, Park JW (2005) Status of Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea during 2001-2003. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 604-608
  29. Zakeri S, Djadid ND, Zeinali S (2003) Sequence heterogeneity of the merozoite surface protein-1 gene (MSP-1) of Plasmodium vivax wild isolates in southeastern Iran. Acta Trop 88: 91-97 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00192-X