Anti-obesity and Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Germinated Brown Rice in Rats Fed with High Fat and Cholesterol Diets

발아현미의 섭취에 의한 흰쥐의 비만 억제 및 콜레스테롤 저하 효과

  • Published : 2006.10.01

Abstract

To investigate the anti-obesity and cholesterol-lowering effects of germinated brown rice (GBR), male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following 4 groups and fed with high fat and cholesterol diets for 5 weeks; control group fed with experimental diet, rice group fed with diet containing 50% rice, brown rice group fed with diet containing 50% brown rice and GBR group fed with diet containing 50% GBR. All groups showed no significant difference in body weight, but the GBR group showed the lowest value in body weight, $471.2{\pm}17.8\;g$. Body weight gain and FER of GBR group, $310.6{\pm}14.7\;g$ and $41.8{\pm}2.0%$, respectively, were also lower than those of other groups. Blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels of the GBR group were $54.0{\pm}23.4\;mg/dL$ and $64.8{\pm}14.7\;mg/dL$, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of rice groups and were the lowest values among the experimental groups. The weights of epididymal and kidney fat of GBR group also showed the lowest values compared to other groups. The liver total lipid and total cholesterol of the GBR group, $216.3{\pm}35.7\;mg/g$ liver and $16.5{\pm}0.7\;mg/g$ liver, respectively, were lower than those of other groups, and total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride of GBR group showed the same results. These results suggest that GBR diet reduces body weight and fat gain, and has cholesterol-lowering effect.

발아현미의 섭취에 의한 흰쥐의 비만억제 및 콜레스테롤 저하 효과를 조사하기 위하여 대조군, 백미군, 현미군, 발아현미군의 4가지 처리군으로 나누어 흰쥐에 고지방, 고콜레스테롤 식이를 공급하면서 5주간 사육후 효과를 비교하였다. 체중의 경우 모든 처리군에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 발아현미군에서 5주 경과후의 체중에서 $471.2{\pm}17.8\;g$으로 가장 작은 값을 나타내었다. 체중증가량과 식이효율의 경우에도 발아현미군이 각각 $310.6{\pm}14.7\;g$$41.8{\pm}2.0%$로 유의적인 수준은 아니지만 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 혈중 중성지질 및 콜레스테롤의 경우 발아 현미군은 5주 경과시 각각 $54.0{\pm}23.4\;mg/dL$, $64.8{\pm}14.7\;mg/dL$로 백미군, 현미군에 비해 크게 낮을 뿐만 아니라 부고환지방, 신장 지방 중량에서도 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 간의 총 지질과 총 콜레스테롤에서 발아현미군은 $216.3{\pm}35.7\;mg/g$ liver 와 $16.5{\pm}0.7\;mg/g$ liver로 기타 처리군에 비해 낮은 값을 나타내었으며, 변의 총 지질, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지질에서도 각각 $165.0{\pm}22.2\;mg/g$ feces, $26.5{\pm}2.7\;mg/g$ feces, 3.4 mg/g feces로 기타 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Chua S, Leibel RL. Obesity genes: molecular and metabolic mechanism. Diabetes Rev. 5: 2-7 (1997)
  2. Dattilo MA, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoprotein: A meta analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56: 320-328 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/56.2.320
  3. Heidi O. Attitude of dietetics students and registered dieticians toward obesity. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 95: 914-916 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00252-9
  4. King DJ, Devaney N. Clinical pharmacology of sibutramine hydrochloride (BTS 54 525), a new antidepressant, in healthy volunteers. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 26: 607-611 (1988) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.1988.tb05303.x
  5. National Institute of Health. Methods for Voluntary Weight Loss and Control-Technology Assessment Conference Statement. Nutr. Today July/August, pp. 27-33 (1992)
  6. Kovaes EMR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, de Vries M. Effect of 2-week ingestion of (-)-hydroxycitrate and (-)-hydroxycitrate combined with medium-chain triglycerides on satiety and food intake. Phvsiol. Behav. 74: 543-549 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00594-7
  7. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Kovacs EMR. The paradoxal effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on energy intake regulation in humans. Int. J. Obes. 24: S 189-192 (2000)
  8. Helms R, Whitington P, Mauer E. Enhanced lipid utilization in infants receiving oral L-carnitine during long-term parenteral nutrition. J. Pediatrics 109: 984-988 (1986) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(86)80281-5
  9. West DB, Delany JP, Camet PM, Blohm F, Truett AA, Scimeca J. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat and energy metabolism in the mouse. Am. J. Physiol. 275: R667-672 (2000)
  10. Park Y, Albright KJ, Storkson JM, Cook ME, Pariza MW. Changes in body composition in mice during feeding and withdrawal of conjugated linoleic acid. Lipids 34: 243-248 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-999-0359-7
  11. Birketvedt GS, Aaseth J, Florholmen JR, Rhttig K. Long-term effect of fibre supplement and reduced energy intake on body weight and blood lipids in overweight subjects. Acta Med. 43: 129-132 (2000)
  12. Ha TY, Kim NY. The effects of uncooked grains and vegetables with mainly brown rice on weight control and serum components in Korean overweight/obese female. Korean J. Nutr. 36: 183-190 (2003)
  13. Seo JS, Bang BH, Yeo IB. Effect of improve obesity with sprout raw grains and vegetables. Korean J. Food Nutr. 14: 150-160 (2001)
  14. Liu S, Willett WC, Manson JE. Hu FB, Rosner B, Colditz G. Relation between changes in intakes of dietary fiber and grain products and changes in weight and development of obesity among middle-aged women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 78: 920-927 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/78.5.920
  15. Saikusa T, Horino T, Mori Y. Accumulation of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid(GABA) in the rice germ during water soaking. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 58: 2291-2292 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.58.2291
  16. Aurisano N, Bertani A, Reggiani R. Anaerobic accumulation of 4-aminobutyrate in rice seedlings: causes and significance. Phytochemistry 38: 1147-1150 (1995) https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00774-N
  17. Oh SH, Kim SH, Moon YJ, Choi WG. Change in the levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid and some amino acids by application of a glutamic acid solution for the germination of brown rice. Korean Soc. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 17: 49-53 (2002)
  18. Suzuki K, Okadome H. Okunishi T. Nakamura S. Ohtsubo K. Development of a novel food material using germinated brown rice by twin-screw extrusion. J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Technol. 50: 474-482 (2003) https://doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.50.474
  19. Park KB. Oh SH. Production and characterization of GABA rice yogurt. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 14: 518-522 (2005)
  20. Han KH, Oh JC, Ryu CH. A study on the optimization for preparation conditions of germinated brown rice gruel. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 33: 1735-1741 (2004) https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2004.33.10.1735
  21. Yamada C, Izumi H, Hirano J, Mizukuchi A, Kise M, Matsuda T, Kato Y. Degradation of soluble proteins including some allergens in brown rice grains by endogenous proteolytic activity during germination and heat-processing. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 69: 1877-1883 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.1877
  22. Su T, Nakamura K. Kayahara H. Analysis of phenolic compounds in white rice. brown rice and germinated brown rice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 4808-4813 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049446f
  23. Kwon JY, Cheigh HS, Song YO. Weight reduction and lipid lowering effects of kimchi lactic acid powder in rats fed high fat diets. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 36: 1014-1019 (2004)
  24. Burstein M, Scholnick HR, Morfin R. Rapid method for the isolation of lipoproteins from human serum by precipitation with polyanions. J. Lipid Res. 11: 583-589 (1970)
  25. Folch J, Less M. Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 226: 497-569 (1957)
  26. SAS Institute, Inc. SAS User's Guide. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. Cary, NC, USA ( 1993)
  27. Cha JY, Cho YS, Kim DJ. Effect of chicory extract on the lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in rats. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr.30: 1220-1226(2001)
  28. Vahouny GV, Roy T, Gallo LL, Story JA, Kritchevsky D, Cassidy MM. Dietary fiber III. Effect of chronic intake on cholesterol absorption and metabolism in the rat. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 2182-2188(1980) https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/33.10.2182
  29. Anderson JW, Bridges SR. Plant fiber metabolites after hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Diebetes 30(suppl): 133-139 (1981)
  30. Ohtsubo K, Suzuki K, Yasui Y. Kasumi T. Bio-functional components in the processed pre-germinated brown rice by a twin-screw extruder. J. Food Comp. Anal. 18: 303-316 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2004.10.003
  31. Miura D, Ito Y, Mizukuchi A, Kise M. Aoto H, Yagasaki K. Hypocholesterolemic action of pre-germinated brown rice in hepatoma-bearing rats. Life Sci. 79: 259-264 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2006.01.001
  32. Rong N, Ausman LM, Nicolosi RJ. Oryzanol decreases cholesterol absorption and aortic fatty streaks in hamsters. Lipids 32: 303-309 (1997) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-997-0037-9