References
- AMSA. 1990. Recommended Procedures for Beef Carcass Evaluation and Carcass Contests. 3rd edn. American Meat Science Association, Chicago, IL.
- Berg, R. T. and R. M. Butterfield. 1976. New Concepts of Cattle Growth. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Berg, R. T. and L. E. Walters. 1983. The meat animal: Changes and challenges. J. Anim. Sci. 57(Supp. 2):133-146.
- Bidner, T. D., A. R. Schupp, R. E. Montgomery and J. C. Carpenter Jr. 1981. Acceptability of beef finished on all-forage, forage-plus-grain or high-energy diets. J. Anim. Sci. 53:1181-1187.
- Bidner, T. D., A. R. Schupp, A. B. Mohamad, N. C. Rumore, R. E. Montgomery, C. P. Bagley and K. W. McMillin. 1986. Acceptability of beef from Angus-Hereford or Angus-Hereford-Brahman steers finished on all-forage or a highenergy diet. J. Anim. Sci. 62:381-387.
- Breidenstein, B. C., J. C. Madamba, W. W. Albert, H. W. Norton and A. L. Newman. 1965. Influence of type, slaughter weight, energy level and stilbesterol on steer carcasses. J. Anim. Sci. 24:860.
- Brown, A. H., Jr., J. J. Chewning, Z. B. Johnson, W. C. Lowe and C. J. Brown. 1991. Effects of 84-, 112- and 140-day postweaning feedlot performance tests for beef bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 69:451-461.
- Brown, J. E., C. J. Brown and W. T. Butts. 1972a. A discussion of the genetic aspects of weight, mature weight and rate of maturing in Hereford and Angus cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 34:525-537.
- Brown, J. E., C. J. Brown and W. T. Butts. 1972b. Relationships among weights, gains and earliness of maturing in Hereford and Angus females. J. Anim. Sci. 35:507-517.
- Butts, W. T. Jr., W. R. Backus, E. R. Widell, J. A. Corrick and R. E. Montgomery. 1980. Relationships among definable characteristics of feeder calves, subsequent performance and carcass traits. I. Objective measurements. J. Anim. Sci. 51:1297-1305.
- Camfield, P. K., A. H. Brown, Jr., Z. B. Johnson, C. J. Brown, P. K. Lewis and L. Y. Rakes. 1999. Effects of growth type on carcass traits of pasture- or feedlot-developed steers. J. Anim. Sci. 77:2437-2443.
- Consortium. 1998. Guide for care and use of agricultural animals in agricultural research and teaching. Consortium for Developing a Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, Champaign, IL.
- Dixon, R. M. and C. R. Stockdale. 1999. Associative effects between forages and grains: consequences for feed utilisation. Austr. J. Agric. Res. 50:757-73. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR98165
- Ensminger, M. E. and R. C. Perry. 1997. Beef Cattle Science. 7th edn. Interstate Publishers, Inc. p. 785.
- Flora, C. B. 2001. Midwestern beef and the environment. The ecosystem strengths of better integrated value chains. Paper presented at Midwest Region Commodities and the Environment Conference. Chicago, IL.
- Gregory, K. E., L. V. Cundiff, R. M. Koch, M. E. Dikeman and M. Koohmaraie. 1994. Breed effects and retained heterosis for growth, carcass, and meat traits in advanced generations of composite populations of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 72:833-850.
- Harrison, A. R., M. E. Smith, D. M. Allen, M. C. Hunt, C. L. Kastner and D. H. Kropf. 1978. Nutritional regime effects on quality and yield characteristis of beef. J. Anim. Sci. 47:383-388.
- Heitschmidt, R. K., R. E. Short and E. E. Grings. 1996. Ecosystems, Sustainability, and Animal Agriculture. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1395-1405.
- Hunter, R. A., H. M. Barrow and G. J. McCrabb. 2001. Sustained growth promotion, carcass and meat quality of steers slaughtered at three live weights. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 41:1033-1040.
- Johnson, Z. B., C. J. Brown and A. H. Brown, Jr. 1990. Evaluation of beef growth patterns of beef cows. Ark Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul. 923.
- Keele, J, W., C. B. Williams and G. L. Bennett. 1992. A computer model to predict the effects of level of nutrition on composition of empty body gain in beef cattle: Theory and development. J. Anim. Sci. 70:841-857.
- Koch, R. M., M. E. Dikeman, D. M. Allen, M. May, J. D. Crouse and D. R. Campion. 1976. Characterization of biological types of cattle. III. Carcass composition, quality and palatibility. J. Anim. Sci. 43:48-62.
- Koch, R. M., M. E. Dikeman, R. J. Lipsey, D. M. Allen and J. D. Crouse. 1979. Characterization of biological types of cattlecycle II:III. Carcass composition, quality and palatability. J.Anim. Sci. 49:448-460.
- Koch, R. M., M. E. Dikeman and J. D. Crouse. 1982. Composition of biological types of cattle (cycle III). Carcass composition, quality and palatability. J. Anim. Sci. 54:35-45.
- Luitingh, H. C. 1963. The efficiency of beef production in terms of carcass-weight increase as influenced by the ration concentration and the age of the steers. J. Agric. Sci. 61:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600013782
- McCarty, F. D., D. R. Hawkins and W. G. Bergen. 1985. Dietary energy density and frame size effects on composition of grain in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 60:781-790.
- McKeith, F. K., J. W. Savell, G. C. Smith, T. R. Dutson and Z. L. Carpenter. 1985. Tenderness of major muscles from three breed-types of cattle at different times-on-feed. Meat Sci. 13:151-166.
- NRC. 1996. Nutrient Requires of Beef Cattle. 7th edn. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.
- Oltjen, R. R., T. S. Rumsey and P. A. Putnam. 1971. All-forage diets for finishing beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 32:327-33. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1971.322327x
- Preston, T. R., F. G. Whitelaw, J. N. Aitken, A. Macdearmid and E. B. Charleson. 1963. Intensive beef production. 1. Performance of cattle given complete ground diets. Anim. Prod. 5:47-51.
- Preston, T. R and M. B. Willis. 1979. Intensive Beef Production. 2nd edn. Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York.
- Robinson, D. L., D. M. Ferguson, V. H. Oddy, D. Perry and J. Thompson. 2001a. Genetic and environmental influences on beef tenderness. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 41:997-1003.
- Robinson, D. L., V. H. Oddy, R. W. Dicker and M. J. Mchee. 2001b. Post-weaning growth of cattle in Northern New South Wales. 3. Carry over effects on finishing, carcass characteristics and intramuscular fat. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 41:1041-1049.
- Sainz, R. D., F. De la Torre and J. W. Oltjen. 1995. Compensatory growth and carcass quality in growth-restricted and refed beef steers. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2971-2979
- Schroeder, J. W., D. A. Cramer, R. A. Bowling and C. W. Cook. 1980. Palatability, shelflife, and chemical differences between forage- and grain-fed beef. J. Anim. Sci. 50:852-859.
- Taylor St., C. S. and H. A. Fitzhugh, Jr. 1971. Genetic relationships between mature weight and time taken to mature within a breed. J. Anim. Sci. 33:726-731.
- Taylor, R. E. and T. G. Field. 1999. Beef production and management decision. 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 403
- Tudor, G. D. 1992. Effect of diet on fat deposition in cattle. Proceedings Australian Society Animal Production 19:89.
- USDA 1989. Official United States Standards for grades of carcass beef. Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
- Vallentine, J. F. 1990. Grazing Management. Academic Press, Inc. New York.
- Wales, W. J., J. B. Moran and R. W. Harris. 1998. A comparison of growth rates and carcass quality of steers receiving maize silage as a supplement to annual pasture or as a component of a feedlot ration. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 38:1-6.
- Young, A. W. and R. G. Kauffman. 1978. Evaluation of beef from steers fed grain, corn silage or haylage-corn silage diets. J. Anim. Sci. 46:41-47.
Cited by
- Effects of Size and Rate of Maturing on Carcass Composition of Pasture- or Feedlot- Developed Steers vol.19, pp.5, 2005, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.661
- Effect of Beef Growth Type on Cooking Loss, Tenderness, and Chemical Composition of Pasture- or Feedlot-developed Steers vol.20, pp.11, 2005, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1746