대한지리학회지 (Journal of the Korean Geographical Society)

대한지리학회 (The Korean Geographical Society)
권호 표지

GIS를 이용한 접근성의 공간적 패턴 분석: 공간적 접근성 측정방법에 대한 비판적 검토

A GIS-based Analysis of Spatial Patterns of Individual Accessibility: A Critical Examination of Spatial Accessibility Measures

  • Kim Hyun-Mi (Department of Geography Education, Seoul National University)
  • 발행 : 2005.12.01
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

본 연구는 시간지리학 개념을 도입한 새로운 접근성 개념을 통해 공간적 근접성과 단일한 이동 행태를 전제하는 기존의 방법을 비판적으로 검토해보고자 한다. 이를 위해, 미국 Portland Metro 지역의 개인통행자료를 이용해 시공간적 접근성의 공간적 패턴과 근접성의 관계를 비교${\cdot}$분석하였다. 시간지리학의 시공간 프리즘 개념에 기반한 시공간적 접근성은 근접성 외에도 시공간 제약에 따른 다양한 이동성을 고려한 대안적 방법으로 최근 새롭게 주목받고 있다. 기존 방법은 접근성이 도시의 기능 중심성과 유사한 공간패턴을 보일 것으로 예상하지만, 연구결과는 접근성이 근접성보다는 개인의 시공간적 속성에 더 많은 영향을 받는다는 사실을 보여준다. 접근성은 CBD나 도시기회의 고밀도지역을 멀리 벗어난 지역에서 오히려 높게 나타났으며, 같은 지리적 특성을 공유하는 동일 지역이라 할지라도 성별에 따라 다르게 드러났다. 이는 접근성이 거주지뿐만 아니라 다른 공간적 축들(직장, 자녀의 탁아시설등)을 중심으로도 형성되며, 이에 따라 집에서 멀리 떨어진 곳의 도시 기회들이 집 주변의 도시기 회들보다 개인의 접근성에 더 큰 기여를 할 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study is to critically examine conventional spatial measures of individual accessibility, which are based on the notion of spatial proximity, the single reference location, and the unlinked travel model. Using space-time accessibility measures with the travel-activity diary data set of Portland Metro, US, three expectations from spatial measures on spatial patterns of individual accessibility were empirically examined: (1) does individual accessibility decrease with an increase of distance from the CBD?; (2) does the spatial pattern of accessibility resemble that of urban opportunity density pattern?; and (3) are spatial patterns of individual accessibility of different socio- demographic population groups basically similar as people in the same area share the same geographic characteristics regardless of gender, race, age, and so on? First of all, the results showed that spatial variations in individual accessibility were not directly determined by spatial proximity and opportunity density as suggested by previous accessibility measures. The spatial pattern of individual accessibility was dramatically different from that of urban opportunity density High peaks of accessibility level were found far away from the CBD and regional centers. This finding might be associated with the importance of multi-reference locations and linked travels in shaping accessibility in reality. Furthermore, this study found that spatial patterns of accessibility clearly differ between men and women. These findings suggest that access requires more than proximity, and that the interaction between person-specific space-time constraints and the consequential availability of urban opportunities in space-time renders different accessibility experiences to people even in the same region, which would be one of the key ingredients missing from conventional spatial measures of accessibility.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Bach, L., 1981, The problem of aggregation and distance for analyses of accessibility and access opportunity in location-allocation models, Environment and Planning A, 13(8), 955-978 https://doi.org/10.1068/a130955
  2. Ben-Akiva, M., and Lerman, S.R., 1979, Disaggregate travel and mobility-choice models and measures of accessibility, in Hensher, D.A., and Stopher, P.R.(eds.), Behavioural Travel Modelling, Croom Helm. London, 654-679
  3. Breheny, M.J., 1978, The measurement of spatial opportunity in strategic planning, Regional Studies, 12, 463-479 https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237800185401
  4. Burns, L. D., 1979, Transportation, Temporal, and Spatial Components of Accessibility, Lexington Books, Lexington
  5. Davidson, K.B., 1977, Accessibility in transport/land-use modeling and assessment, Environment and Planning A, 9, 1401-1416 https://doi.org/10.1068/a091401
  6. England, K., 1996, Mothers, wives, workers: the everyday lives of working mothers, in England, K.(ed.), Who Will Mind the Baby?, Routledge, London, 109-122
  7. Frost, M.E., and Spence, N.A., 1995, The rediscovery of accessibility and economic potential: The critical issue of self-potential, Environment and Planning A, 27(11), 1833-1848 https://doi.org/10.1068/a271833
  8. Hagerstrand, T., 1970, What about people in regional science?, Papers of the Regional Science Association, 24, 7-21
  9. Handy, S.L., and Niemeier, D.A., 1997, Measuring accessibility: An exploration of issues and alternatives, Environment And Planning A, 29(7), 1175-1194 https://doi.org/10.1068/a291175
  10. Hansen, W.G., 1959, How accessibility shapes land use, Journal of the American Planning Institute, 25, 73-76 https://doi.org/10.1080/01944365908978307
  11. Hanson, S., 1995, Getting there: Urban transportation in context, in Hanson, S.(ed.), The Geography of Urban Transportation, 2nd edition, Guild-ford, New York, 3-25
  12. Ingram, D.R., 1971, The concept of accessibility: a search for an operational form, Regional studies, 5, 101-107 https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237100185131
  13. Jones, S.R., 1981, Accessibility measures: a literature review, TRRL Laboratory Report 967, Transport and Road Research Laboratory
  14. Kim, H. M., and Kwan, M. P., 2003, Space-time accessibility measures: a geocomputational algorithm with a focus on the feasible opportunity set and possible activity duration, Journal of Geographical Systems, 5(1), 71-91 https://doi.org/10.1007/s101090300104
  15. Kim, S. M., 1997, A study on individual characteristics and daily activity of housewives in Kwangju city, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 39(2), 217-228
  16. Kondo, K., and Kitamura, R., 1987, Time-space constraints and the formation of trip chains, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 17(1), 49-65 https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(87)90068-8
  17. Kwan, M.P., 1998, Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: A comparative analysis using a point-based framework, Geographical Analysis, 30(3), 191-216 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00396.x
  18. Kwan, M.P., 1999a, Gender and individual access to urban opportunities: A study using space-time measures, Professional Geographer, 51(2), 210-227
  19. Kwan, M.P., 1999b, Gender, the home-work link, and space-time patterns of non-employment activities, Economic Geography, 75(4), 370-394 https://doi.org/10.2307/144477
  20. Kwan, M.P., Murray, A.T., O'Kelly, M., and Tiefelsdorf, M., 2003, Recent Advances in Accessibility Research: Representation, Methodology and Applications, Journal of Geographical Systems, 5(1), 129-138 https://doi.org/10.1007/s101090300107
  21. Kwan, M.P., and Weber, J., 2003, Individual accessibility revisited: Implications for geographical analysis in the twenty-first century, Geographical Analysis, 35(4), 341-353 https://doi.org/10.1353/geo.2003.0015
  22. Lenntorp, Bo, 1976, Paths in Space-Time Environments: A Time-Geographic Study of Movement Possibilities of Individuals, Lund Series of Geography Series B Human Geography, No.44, The Royal University of Lund, Sweden
  23. Miller, H.J., 1991, Modelling Accessibility Using Space- Time Prism Concepts within Geographic Information Systems, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 5(3), 287-301 https://doi.org/10.1080/02693799108927856
  24. Newsome, T.H., Walcott, W.A., and Smith, P.D., 1998, Urban activity spaces: Illustrations and application of a conceptual model for integrating the time and space dimensions, Transportation, 25(4), 357-377 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005082827030
  25. Nishii, K., and Kondo, K., 1992, Trip linkages of urban railway commuters under time-space con straints: some empirical observations, Transportation Research B, 26, 33-44 https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2615(92)90018-R
  26. Palm, R. and Pred, A., 1974, A Time-Geographic Perspective on Problems of Inequality for Women, Working Paper No.236, University of California, Berkley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, Berkeley, CA
  27. Park, K. H., Ahn, J. S., and Lee, Y. W., 2005, Geovisualization Environment for Spatio - temporal Trajectory of Personal Activity, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 40(3), 310-320
  28. Park, S. H., 2002, The spatio-temporal characteristics of primary school children's daily life activities, Journal of the Korean Association of Regional Geographers, 8(4), 492-512
  29. Pickup, L., 1984, Women's gender-role and its influence on their travel behaviour, Built Environment, 10, 61-68
  30. Pickup, L., 1985, Women's travel need in a period of rising female employent, in Ansen, G.R.M., Nijkamp, P., and Ruijgrok, C.J.(eds.), Transportation and Mobility in an Era of Transition, North Holland, Amsterdam, 97-113
  31. Pickup, L., 1989, Women's travel requirements: employment, with domestic constraints, in Grieco, M., Pickup, L., and Whipp, R.(eds.), Gender, Transport, and Employment: the Impact of Travel Constraints, Avebury, Aldershot, 199-221
  32. Pooler, J., 1987, Measuring geographical accessibility: a review of current approaches and problems in the use of population potentials, Geoforum, 18(3), 269-289 https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(87)90012-1
  33. Recker, W.W., McNally, M.G., and Root, G.S., 1986a, A Model of complex travel behavior: Part I Theoretical development, Transportation Research Part A-Policy and Practice, 20(4), 307- 318 https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(86)90089-0
  34. Recker, W.W., McNally, M.G., and Root, G.S., 1986b, A Model of complex travel behavior: Part II-an operational model, Transportation Research Part A-Policy and Practice, 20(4), 319-330 https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-2607(86)90090-7
  35. Richardson, A.J., and Young, W., 1982, A measure of linked-trip accessibility, Transportation Planning and Technologies, 7, 73-82 https://doi.org/10.1080/03081068208717208
  36. Taaffe, E.J., and Gauthier, H.L., and O'Kelly, M., 1996, Geography of Transportation,: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
  37. Tivers, J., 1985, Women Attached: The Daily Lives of Women with Young Children, Croom Helm, London
  38. Turner, T., and Niemeier D., 1997, Travel to work and household responsibility: new evidence, Transportation, 24(4), 397-419 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004945903696
  39. Turner, J., and Grieco, M., 2000, Gender and time poverty: the neglected social policy implications of gendered time, transport and travel, Time & Society, 9(1), 129-136 https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X00009001007
  40. Vickerman, R.W., 1974, Accessibilty, attraction, and potential: a review of some concepts and their use in determining mobility, Environment and Planning A, 6, 675-691 https://doi.org/10.1068/a060675
  41. Villoria, O.G., 1989, An Operational Measure of Individual Accessibility for Use in the Study of Travel-Activity Patterns, Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University
  42. Wachs, M., and Kumagai, T.G., 1973, Physical accessibility as a social indicator, Socio-Economic Planning Science, 7, 437-456 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0121(73)90041-4
  43. Weber, J., 2003, Individual accessibility and distance from major employment centers: an examination using Space-time measures, Journal of Geographical Systems, 5, 51-70 https://doi.org/10.1007/s101090300103
  44. Weber, J. and Kwan, M.P., 2002, Bringing time back in: a study on the influence of travel time variations and facility opening hours on individual accessibility, Professional Geographer, 54(2), 226-240 https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00328
  45. Weber, J. and Kwan, M.P., 2003, Evaluating the effects of geographic contexts on individual accessibility: A multilevel approach, Urban Geography, 24(8), 647-671 https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.24.8.647