Journal of Nutrition and Health

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
권호 표지

Effect of Treadmill Exercise Training and Dietary Intake of Garcinia Cambogia Extract, Soypeptide and L-Carnitine Mixture on Body Weight Reduction in Rats Fed High-Fat Diet

고지방식이를 섭취하는 흰쥐에서 가르시니아캄보지아 껍질추출물, 대두펩타이드 및 L-카르니틴 조성물 섭취와 규칙적인 트레드밀운동이 체중감량에 미치는 영향

  • Published : 2005.10.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was undertaken to examine effects of dietary intake of garcinia cambogia extract, soy peptide and L-carnitine mixture on body weight gain and obesity-related bio-markers in rats fed high-fat diet for 9 weeks with or without regular treadmill exercise. Forty 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups; sedentary control group (SC), exercised control group (EC), sedentary formula-fed group (SF), and exercised formula-fed group (EF). The SC and EC rats were fed high-fat control diet (fat comprises$40\%$ of total caloris), and SF and EF rats were fed high-fat formula (composed of garcinia cambogia, soy peptide and L-carnitine) supplemented diet. Statistical analyses by two-way ANOVA indicated that the regular treadmill exercise significantly lowered cumulative body weight gain, total visceral fat mass, and epididymal, perirenal and retroperitoneal fat pad weights, and serum concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL + VLDL cholesterol, insulin, c-peptide and leptin. Feeding the formula also resulted in significant reductions in cumulative body weight gain and visceral fat pad weights, along with other related parameters including serum total and LDL + VLDL cholesterol levels, and hepatic enzyme activities involved in fatty acid synthesis. Statistical analyses by one-way ANOVA revealed that the formula consumption significantly improved body weight gain ($18\%$ reduction), total visceral fat weight ($20\%$ reductions), and serum total ($43\%$ reduction) and LDL + VLDL cholesterol ($54\%$ reduction) levels, as well as serum levels of insulin ($49\%$ reduction), and c-peptide ($41\%$ reduction) in sedentary rats, but failed to exhibit significant reductions in these indices in animals under treadmill exercise program. Taken together, these results suggest that the treadmill exercise per n exhibited significant improvements in body fat reduction and other related bio-markers, and so the formula consumption did not achieve a further significant reductions in these bio-markers in exercised rats. Nevertheless, animals fed the formula with regular exercise showed the most efficient weight reduction compared to other groups either fed formula without exercise or received regular exercise without dietary supplementation.

Keywords

References

  1. IOTF database, London
  2. 국민건강. 영양조사. 보건복지부, 2002, 9
  3. Daily JW 3rd, Cha YS. Macronutrient intake and obesity. J Food Sci Nutr 5 (1) : 58-64, 2000
  4. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res 6 (2) : 97-106, 1998
  5. Seidell JC, Rissanen A. Time trends in the worldwide prevalence of obesity. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997
  6. Froidevaux F, Schutz Y, Christin L, Jequier E. Energy expenditure in obese women before and during weight loss, after refeeding, and in the weight-relapse period. Am J Clin Nutr 57 (1): 35-42, 1993
  7. Lee KJ, Kim HK. Effect of aerobic exercise and diet therapy in obese women. Kor J Physical Education 36(1): 1256-1265, 1997
  8. Despres JP, Pouliot MC, Moorjani S, Nadeau A, Tremblay A, Lupien PJ, Theriault G, Bouchard C. Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women. Am J Physiol 261 (2 Pt 1) : E159-167, 1991
  9. 건강기능식품공전, 식품의약품안전청, 2004.12
  10. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Dietary supplements for body-weight reduction: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 79 (4) : 529-536, 2004
  11. American Institute of Nutrition. Report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc commottee on standards for nutritional studies. J Nutr 107 (7): 1340-1348, 1977
  12. Dudley GA, Abraham WM, Terjung RL. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 153 (4) : 844-850, 1982
  13. Murata M, Ide T, Hara K. Reciprocal responses to dietary diacylglycerol of hepatic enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in the rat. Br J Nutr 77 (1): 107-121, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19970013
  14. Hsu RY, Lardy HA. Malic enzyme. Methods Enzymol 13: 230-235, 1969 https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(69)13042-6
  15. Kelley DS, Nelson GJ, Hunt JE. Effect of prior nutritional status on the activity of lipogenic enzymes in primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 235 (1) : 87-90, 1986
  16. Nepokroeff CM, Lakshmanan MR, Porter JW.Fatty acid synthase from rat liver. Methods Enzymol 35: 37-44, 1975 https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(75)35136-7
  17. Bi S. Scott KA, Hyun J, Ladenheim EE, Moran TH. Running wheel activity prevents hyperphagia and obesity in Otsuka longevans Tokushima Fatty rats: role of hypothalamic signaling. Endocrinology 146(4): 1676-1685,2005 https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1441
  18. Ishihara K, Oyaizu S, Onuki K, Lim K, Fushiki T. Chronic (-)-hydroxycitrate administration spares carbohydrate utilization and promotors lipid oxidation during exercise in mice. J Nutr 130 (12) : 2990-2995, 2000
  19. Sullivan AC, Triscari J, Hamilton JG, Miller ON. Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat. II. Appeteite. Lipids 9: 129-134, 1974 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02532137
  20. Hasegawa N. Garcinia extract inhibits lipid droplet accumulation without affecting adipose conversion in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytother Res 15(2): 172-173, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.689
  21. Bell RR, Spencer MJ, Sherriff JL. Voluntary exercise and monounsaturated canola oil reduce fat gain in mice fed diets high in fat. J Nutr 127: 2006-2010, 1997
  22. Kim KS, Jung JH, Song CH, Sung BJ. The effects of combination of functional beverage (garcinia cambogia, L-carnitine, and soy peptide) and exercise on improvement of body fat. J Appl Pharmacol 11: 99-108,2003
  23. Kwon T, Kim K, Kim J, Yeo Y, Lim K. The effects of hydroxy citric acid supplementation and swimming on obesity and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet fed rats. Kor J Exer Nutr 7 (1) : 87-82, 2003
  24. Hayamizu K, Hirakawa H, Oikawa D, Nakanishi T, Takagi T, Tachibana T, Furuse M. Effect of garcinia cambogia extract on serum leptin and insulin in mice. Fitoterapia 74(3): 267-273, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00036-4
  25. Hartung GH, Foreyt JP, Mitchell RE, Vlasek I, Gotto AM Jr. Relation of diet to high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in middleaged marathon runners, joggers, and inactive men. N Engl J Med 302(7): 357-361, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198002143020701
  26. Weltman A, Matter S, Stamford BA. Caloric restriction and/or mild exercise: effects on serum lipids and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 33(5): 1002-1009, 1980
  27. Elam MB, Wilcox HG, Cagen LM, Deng X, Raghow R, Kumar P, Heimberg M, Russell JC. Increased hepatic VLDL secretion, lipoproteins and SREBP-1 expression in the corpulent JCR: LA-cp rat. J Lipid Res 42 (12) : 2039-2048, 2001
  28. Sullivan AC, Singh M, Srere PA, Glusker JP. Reactivity and inhibitor potentialof hydroxycitrate isomers with citrate synthase,citratelyase, and ATP citrate lyase. J Biol Chem 252(21) : 7583-7590, 1977
  29. Saha AK, Vavvas D, Kurowski TG, Apazidis A, Witters LA, Shafrir E, Ruderman NB. MalonyI-CoA regulation in skeletal muscle: its link to cell citrate and the glucose-fatty acid cycle. Am J Physiol 272 (4 Pt 1): E641-648, 1997
  30. Brass EP, Hiatt WR. Camitine metabolism during exercise. Life Sci 54(19): 1383-1393, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(94)00593-1
  31. Trappe SW,Costill DL, Goodpaster B, Vnkovich MD, Fink WJ. The effectsof L-carnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimming.Int J Sports Med 15(4): 181-185, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021044
  32. Soni MG, Burdock GA, Preuss HG, Stohs SJ, Ohia SE, Bagchi D. Safety assessment of (-) -hydroxycitric acid and Super CitriMax, a novel calcium/potassium salt. Food Chem Toxicol 42 (9): 1513-1529, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.04.014
  33. McGarry JD. Glucose-fatty acid interations in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr 67: 500S-504S, 1998
  34. Saito M. Effectsof soy peptides on weight reduction in hypothalamic obese mice. Nutr Sci Soy Protein Jpn 13: 50-52, 1992
  35. Komatsu T, Komatsu K, Yamagishi M. Effects of soy peptide or consumption on diet induced thermogenesis. Nutr Sci Soy Protein Jpn 13: 53-58, 1992
  36. Collins S, Kuhn CM, Petro AE, Swick AG, Chrunyk BA, Surwit RS. Role of leptin in fat regulation.Nature 380(6576) : 667, 1996
  37. MacDougald OA, Hwang CS, Fan H, Lane MD. Regulated expression of the obese gene product (leptin) in white adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (20) : 9034-9037, 1995
  38. Cohen B, Novick D, Rubinstein M. Modulation of insulin activities by leptin. Science 274(5290): 1185-1188, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5290.1185
  39. Tsuda T, Horio F, Uchida K, Aoki H, Osawa T. Dietary cyanidin 3-O-D-glucoside-rich purplecom color prevents obesityand ameliorates hyperglycemiain mice. J Nutr 133(7) : 2125-2130,2003
  40. Gibbons GF, Brown AM, Wiggins D, Pease R. The role of insulin and fatty acids in the regulation of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein assembly. J Royal Soc Med 42: 23-32, 2002
  41. Estadella D, Oyama LM, Damaso AR, Ribeiro EB, Oller Do, Nascimento CM. Effect of palatable hyperlipidemic diet on lipid metabolism of sedentary and exercised rats. Nutrition 20 (2) : 218-224, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2003.10.008
  42. Havel PJ. Role of adipose tissue in body-weight regulation: mechanism regulation leptin production and energy balance. Proc Nutr Soc 59 (3) : 359-371,2000