References
- Halliwell, B. and J. M. C. Gutteridge (1999) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. 3rd ed., pp. 105-245. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
- Larson, R. A. (1997) Naturally Occurring Antioxidants. pp. 83-94. Lewis publishers, New York, NY, USA
- Kim, K. (2002) Characterization of 1,4-benzoquinone reductase from bovine liver. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 7: 216-220 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02932973
- Hara, H., M. Ohta, K. Ohta, S. Kuno, and T. Adachi (2003) Increase of antioxidative potential by tert-butylhydroquinone protects against cell death associated with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Mol. Brain Res. 119: 125-131 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.08.021
- Iwashima, M., J. Mori, X. Ting, T. Matsunaga, K. Hayashi, D. Shinoda, H. Saito, U. Sankawa, and T. Hayashi (2005) Antioxidant and antiviral activities of plastoquinones from the brown alga Sargassum micracanthum, and a new chromene derivative converted from the plastoquinones. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28: 374-377 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.374
- Misra, H. S., N. P. Khairnara, A. Barikb, K. I. Priyadarsini, H. Mohan, and S. K. Aptea (2004) Pyrroloquinolinequinone: a reactive oxygen species scavenger in bacteria. FEBS Lett. 578: 26-30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.061
- Aberg, F., E. L. Appelkvist, G. Dallner, and L. Ernster (1992) Distribution and redox state of ubiquinones in rat and human tissues. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 295: 230-234 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90511-T
- Frei, B., M. C. Kim, and B. N. Ames (1990) Ubiquinol-10 is an effective lipid-soluble antioxidant at physiological concentrations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 4879-4883
- Ernster, L. and G. Dallner (1995) Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1271: 195-204 https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4439(95)00028-3
- Mellors, A. and A. L. Tappel (1966) The inhibition of mitochondrial peroxidation by ubiquinone and ubiquinol. J. Biol. Chem. 241: 4353-4356
-
Stocker, R., V. W. Bowry, and B. Frei (1991) Ubiquinol-10 protects human low density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does
$\alpha$ -tocopherol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 1646-1650 - Chuang, Y. C., J. Y. H. Chan, A. Y. W. Chang, M. Sikorska, H. B. Borowski, and S. H. H. Chan (2003) Neroprotective effects of coenzyme Q 10 at rostral ventrolateral medulla against fatality during experimental endotoxemia in the rat. Shock 19: 427-432 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.shk.0000048900.46342.37
- Hegedus, Z. L. and U. Nayak (1994) Homogentisic acid and structurally related compounds as intermediates in plasma soluble melanin formation and in tissue toxicities. Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. Biophys. 102: 175-181 https://doi.org/10.3109/13813459409007534
- Phornphutkul, C., W. J. Introne, M. B. Perry, I. Bernardi, M. D. Murphey, D. L. Fitzpatrick, P. D. Anderson, M. Huizing, Y. Anikster, L. H. Gerber, and W. A. Gahl (2002) Natural history of alkaptonuria. N. Engl. J. Med. 347: 2111-2121 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa021736
- Martin, Jr., J. P. and B. Batkoff (1987) Homogentisic acid autoxidation and oxygen radical generation: implications for the etiology of alkaptonuric arthritis. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 3: 241-250 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(87)80031-X
- Glatt, H. (1990) Endogenous mutagens derived from amino acids. Mutat. Res. 238: 235-243 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1110(90)90015-4
- Raghupathy, E., N. A. Peterson, and C. M. McKean (1968) Inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis by homogentisic acid. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 161: 575-577 https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2787(68)90138-X
- Introne, W. J., C. Phornphutkul, I. Bernardini, K. McLaughlin, D. Fitzpatrick, and W. A. Gahla (2002) Exacerbation of the ochronosis of alkaptonuria due to renal insufficiency and improvement after renal transplantation. Mol. Genet. Metab. 77: 136-142 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7192(02)00121-X
- Pryor, W. A., K. Stone, L. Y. Zang, and E. Bermudez (1998) Fractionation of aqueous cigarette tar extracts: fractions that contain the tar radical cause DNA damage. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11: 441-448 https://doi.org/10.1021/tx970159y
- Murray, J. I., M. L. Whitfield, N. D. Trinklein, R. M. Myers, P. O. Brown, and D. Botstein (2004) Diverse and specific gene expression responses to stresses in cultured human cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 15: 2361-2374 https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E03-11-0799
- Rosenkranz, A. R., S. Schmaldienst, K. M. Stuhlmeier, W. Chen, W. Knapp, and G. J. Zlabinger (1992) A microplate assay for the detection of oxidative products using 2′,7′- dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. J. Immunol. Meth. 156: 39-45 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(92)90008-H
- Lo, S. F., S. M. Nalawade, V. Mulabagal, S. Matthew, C. L. Chen, C. L. Kuo, and H. S. Tsay (2004) In vitro propagation by asymbiotic seed germination and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity studies of tissue culture raised plants of three medicinally important species of dendrobium. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27: 731-735 https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.731
- Ohkawa, H., N. Ohishi, and K. Yagi (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal. Biochem. 95: 351-358 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3
- Carmichael, J., W. G. DeGraff, A. F. Gazdar, J. D. Minna, and J. B. Mitchell (1987) Evaluation of a tetrazoliumbased semiautomated colorimetric assay: assessment of chemosensitivity testing. Cancer Res. 47: 936-941
- Lee, D. G., J. W. Hyun, K. A. Kang, J. O. Lee, S. H. Lee, B. J. Ha, J. M. Ha, E. Y. Lee, and J. H. Lee (2004) Ulva lactuca: a potential seaweed for tumor treatment and immune stimulation. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 9: 236-238 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942299
- Choi, D., W. S. Cha, S. H. Kang, and B. R. Lee (2004) Effect of Pleurotus ferulae extracts on viability of human lung cancer cervical cancer cell lines. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 9: 356-361 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02933057
- Nicoletti, I., G. Migliorati, M. C. Pagliacci, F. Grignani, and C. Riccardi (1991) A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Meth. 139: 271-279 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(91)90198-O
- Bradford, M. M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248-254 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
- Carrillo, M. C., S. Kanai, M. Nokubo, and K. Kitani (1991) (-) Deprenyl induces activities of both superoxide dismutase and catalase but not of glutathione peroxidase in the striatum of young male rats. Life Sci. 48: 517-521 https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(91)90466-O
- Nourooz-Zadeh, J., J. Sarmadi-Tajaddini, and S. P. Wolff (1994) Measurement of plasma hydrogen peroxide concentrations by the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange assay in conjunction with triphenylphosphine. Anal. Biochem. 220: 403-409 https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1994.1357
- Kim, E. J. and T. H. Park (2003) Anti-apoptosis engineering. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 8: 76-82 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02940260
- Pages, G., P. Lenomand, G. L'Allemania, J. C. Chambard, S. Meloche, and J. Pouyssegur (1991) Mitogen-activated protein kinases p42mapk and p44mapk are required for fibroblast proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 319-323
- Margoliash, E., A. Novogrodsky, A. Schejter, and A. Chejter (1960) Irreversible reaction of 3-amino-1:2:4-triazole and related inhibitors with the protein of catalase. Biochem. J. 74: 339-348 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0740339
- Long, L. H., M. V. Clement, and B. Halliwell (2000) Artifacts in cell culture: rapid generation of hydrogen peroxide on addition of (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-catechin, and quercetin to commonly used cell culture media. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273: 50-53 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2000.2895
- Halliwell, B. (1996) Antioxidants in human health and disease. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16: 33-50 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.000341
- Willcox, J. K., S. L. Ash, and G. L. Catignani (2004) Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 44: 275-295 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408690490468489
- Lee, S. Y., E. O. Kim, H. J. Seo, M. Y. Kim, and J. D. Kim (2004) Development of new method for antioxidant capacity with ORP-pH system. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 9: 514-518 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02933495
- McCubrey, J. A., W. S. May, V. Duronio, and A. Mufson (2000) Serine/threonine phosphorylation in cytokine signal transduction. Leukemia 14: 9-21 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2401657
- Robinson, M. J. and M. H. Cobb (1997) Mitogen activated protein kinase pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9: 180-186 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80061-0
- Widmann, C., S. Gibson, B. Jarpe, and G. L. Johnson (1999) Mitogen activated protein kinase: conservation of a three-kinase module from yeast to human. Physiol. Rev. 79: 143-180 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.143
- Zhou, L. Z., A. P. Johnson, and T. A. Rando (2001) NF kappa B and AP-1 mediate transcriptional responses to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 31: 1405-1416 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00719-5
- Kim, H. Y., Y. H. Kim, J. W. Nam, H. J. Lee, H. M. Rho, and G. Jung (1994) Study of 5′-flanking region of human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201: 1526-1533 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1994.1877
- Jones, P. L., G. Kucera, H. Gordon, and J. M. Boss (1995) Cloning and characterization of the murine manganous superoxide dismutase encoding gene. Gene 153: 155-161 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(94)00666-G
- Cobb, M. H. and E. J. Goldsmith (1995) How MAP kinases are regulated. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14843-14846 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.25.14843
- Chen, Y. R., C. X. Wang, D. Templeton, R. J. Davis, and T. H. Tan (1996) The role of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in apoptosis induced by ultraviolet C. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 31929-31936 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.50.31929
- Murray, J. C., K. A. Lindberg, and S. R. Pinnell (1977) In vitro inhibition of chick embryo lysyl hydroxylase by homogentisic acid. J. Clin. Invest. 59: 1071-1079 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI108730
- Young, A. J. and G. M. Lowe (2001) Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385: 20-27 https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.2149
- Nohl, H., L. Gille, and A. V. Kozlov (1998) Antioxidantderived prooxidant formation from ubiquinol. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 25: 666-675 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00105-1
- Kontush, A., B. Finckh, B. Karten, A. Kohlschutter, and U. Beisiegel (1996) Antioxidant and prooxidant activity of tocopherol in human plasma and low density lipoprotein. J. Lipid Res. 37: 1436-1448
- Yoshino, M., M. Haneda, M. Naruse, and K. Murakami (1999) Prooxidant activity of flavonoids: Copper-dependent strand breaks and the formation of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in DNA. Mol. Genet. Metab. 68: 468-472 https://doi.org/10.1006/mgme.1999.2901
- Murias, M., W. Jager, N. Handler, T. Erker, Z. Horvath, T. Szekeres, H. Nohl, and L. Gille (2005) Antioxidant, prooxidant and cytotoxic activity of hydroxylated resveratrol analogues: structure-activity relationship. Biochem. Pharmacol. 69: 903-912 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2004.12.001