References
- Aaronson, I. A., R. A. Rames, W. B. Greene, L. G. Walsh, U. A. Hasal, and P. D. Garen. 1993. Endoscopic treatment of reflux: Migration of polytetrafluoroethylene into the lungs and brain. Eur. Urol. 23: 394-399 https://doi.org/10.1159/000474637
- Aboutaleb, H., S. Bolduc, A. E. Khoury, J. Upadhyay, D. J. Bagli, and W. Farhat. 2003. Polydimethylsiloxane injection versus open surgery for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in complete duplex system. J. Urol. 170: 1563-1565 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000084335.84075.9b
- Achauer, B. M. 1983. A serious complication following medical-grade silicone injection of the face. Plast. Recanstr. Surg. 71: 251-254 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198302000-00020
- Al-Hunayan, A. A., E. O. Kehinde, M. A. Elsalam, and R. S. Al-Mukhtar. 2002. Outcome of endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux in children using polydimethylsiloxane. J. Urol. 168: 2181-2183 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64349-2
- Aragona, F., L. D'Urso, E. Scremin, R. Salmaso, and G. P. Glazel. 1997. Polytetrafluoroethylene giant granuloma and adenopathy: Long-term complications following subureteral polytetrafluoroethylene injection for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. J. Urol. 158: 1539-1542 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64275-7
- Bent, A. E., J. Foote, S. Siegel, G. Faerber, R. Chao, and E. A. Gormley. 2001. Collagen implant for treating stress urinary incontinence in women with urethral hypermobility. J. Urol. 166: 1354-1357 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65768-0
- Biswal, D. R. and R. P. Singh. 2004. Characterisation of carboxymethyl cellulose and poly-acrylamide graft copolymer. Carbohydrate Polymers 57: 379-387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.04.020
- Capozza, N., M. Patricolo, A. Lais, E. Matarazzo, and P. Caione. 2001. Endoscopic treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux: Twelve years' experience. Urol. Int. 67: 228-231 https://doi.org/10.1159/000050993
- Cho, E. R., S. W. Kang, and B. S. Kim. 2005. Poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) microspheres as a potential bulking agent for urological injection therapy; preliminary results. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 72B: 166-172 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30138
- Claes, H., D. Stroobants, J. Van Meerbeek, E. Verbeken, D. Knockaert, and L. Baert. 1989. Pulmonary migration following periurethral polytetrafluoroethylene injection for urinary incontinence. J. Urol. 142: 821-822 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)38903-6
- Cohen, S., T. Yoshioka, M. Lucarelli, L. H. Hwang, and R. Langer. 1991. Controlled delivery systems for proteins based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres. Pharm. Res. 8: 713 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015841715384
- Colton, C. K. 1995. Implantable biohybrid artificial organs. Cell Transplant. 4: 415-436 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-6897(95)00025-S
- Conrad, K. and M. R. MacDonald. 1996. Wide polytef (Gore-Tex) implants in lip augmentation and nasolabial groove correction. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 122: 664-670 https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1996.01890180070017
- DeLustro, F., S. T. Smith, J. Sundsmo, G. Salem, S. Kincaid, and L. Ellingsworth. 1987. Reaction to injectable collagen: Results in animal models and clinical use. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 79: 581-594 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198704000-00012
- Dmochowski, R. R. and R. A. Appell. 2000. Injectable agents in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: Where are we now? Urology 56: 32-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(00)01019-0
- Food and Drug Administration (USA) website. www.fda.gov
- Griffey, S., N. D. Schwade, and C. G. Wright. 2001. Particulate dermal matrix as an injectable soft tissue replacement material. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 58: 10-15 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4636(2001)58:1<10::AID-JBM20>3.0.CO;2-E
- Herz, D., A. Hafez, D. Bagli, G. Capolicchio, G. McLorie, and A. Khoury. 2001. Efficacy of endoscopic subureteral polydimethylsiloxane injection for treatment ofvesicoureteral reflux in chirdren: A North American clinical report. J. Urol. 166: 1880-1886 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65712-6
- Hu, M., E. E. Sabelman, Y. Cao, J. Chang, and V. R. Hentz. 2003. Three-dimensional hyaluronic acid grafts promote healing and reduce scar formation in skin incision wounds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 67: 586-592
- Inoue, K., T. Nakamoto, A. Usui, and T. Usui. 2000. Endoscopic sub ureteral glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen injection for the treatment of secondary vesicoureteral reflux: Comparison with primary vesicoureteral reflux in adults. J. Urol. 164: 336-339 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67354-5
- Joyner, B. D. and A. Atala; 1997. Endoscopic substances for the treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. Urology 50: 489-494 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00261-6
- Kang, S. W., O. Jeon, and B. S. Kim. 2005. Poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) microspheres as an injectable scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering (in press)
- Kerrebroeck, P. V, F. T. Meulen, E. Farrelly, G. Larsson, L. Edwall, and A. Fianu-Jonasson. 2003. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence: Recent developments in the role of urethral injection. Urol. Res. 30: 356-362
- Kershen, R. T. and A. Atala. 1999. New advances in injectable therapies for the treatment of incontinence and vesicoureteral reflux. Urol. Clin. North Am. 26: 81-94 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-0143(99)80008-1
- Kim, B. S., S. I. Jeong, S. W. Cho, J. Nikolovski, D. J. Mooney, S. H. Lee, O. Jeon, T. W. Kim, S. H. Lim, Y. S. Hong, C. Y. Choi, Y. M. Lee, S. H. Kim, and Y. H. Kim. 2003. Tissue engineering of smooth muscle under a mechanically dynamic condition. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13: 841-845
- Kim, B. S., C. E. Baez, and A. Atala. 2000. Biomaterials for tissue engineering. World J. Urol. 18: 2-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s003450050002
- Kim, D. I., H. J. Park, H. S. Eo, S. W. Suh, J. H. Hong, M. J. Lee, J. S. Kim, I. S. Jang, and B. S. Kim. 2004. Comparative study of seeding and culture methods to vascular smooth muscle cells on biodegradable scaffold. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14: 707 - 714
- Knudson, C. B. and W. Knudson. 2001. Cartilage proteoglycans. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 12: 69-78 https://doi.org/10.1006/scdb.2000.0243
- Lee, P. E., R. C. Kung, and H. P. Drutz. 2001. Periurethral autologous fat injection as treatment for female stress urinary incontinence: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. J. Urol. 165: 153-158 https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-200101000-00037
- Lees, V C., T. P. D. Fan, and D. C. West. 1995. Angiogenesis in a delayed revascularization model is accelerated by angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan. Lab. Invest. 73: 259-266
- Lemperle, G., N. Gauthier-Hazan, and M. Lemperle. 1998. PMMA-microspheres (Artecoll) for long-lasting correction of wrinkles: Refinements and statistical results. Aesth. Plast. Surg. 22: 356-365 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002669900217
- Lemperle, G., N. Hazan-Gauthier, and M. Lemperle. 1995. PMMA microspheres (Artecoll) for skin and soft-tissue augmentation. Part II: Clinical investigations. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 96: 627-634 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199509000-00015
- Lemperle, G., V. Morhenn, and U. Charrier. 2003. Human histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation. Aesth. Plast. Surg. 27: 354-366 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-003-3022-1
- Leonard, M. P., A. Deeter, K. Hills, and L. W. Mix. 1998. Endoscopic subureteral collagen injection: Are immunological concerns justified? J. Urol. 160: 10 12-1016 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63011-8
- Leonard, M. P., D. A. Canning, C. A. Peters, J. P. Gearhart, and R. D. Jeffs. 1991. Endoscopic injection of glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine dermal collagen for correction of vesicoureteral reflux. J. Urol. 145: 115-119 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)38264-2
- Malizia, A. A., H. M. Reiman, R. P. Myers, J. R. Sande, S. S. Barham, R. C. Benson, M. K. Dewanjee, and W. J. Utz. 1984. Migration and granulomatous reaction after periurethral injection of Polytef(Teflon). JAMA 251: 3277 -3281 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.251.24.3277
-
Manna, F., M. Dentini, P. Desideri, O. De Pita, E. Mortilla, and B. Maras. 1999. Comparative chemical evaluation of two commercially available derivatives of hyaluronic acid (Hylaform
${\circledR}$ from rooster combs and Restylane${\circledR}$ from Streptococcus) u.sed for soft tissue augmentation. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 13: 183-192 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.1999.tb00881.x - Montesano, R., S. Kumar, L. Orci, and M. S. Pepper. 1996. Synergistic effect of hyaluronan oligosaccharides and vascular endothelial growth factor on angiogenesis in vitro. Lab. Invest. 75: 249-262
- Morhenn, V. B., G. Lemperle, and R. L. Gallo. 2002. Phagocytosis of different particulate dermal filler substances by human macrophages and skin cells. Dermatol. Surg. 28: 484-490 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.01273.x
- Newman, K. D. and M. W. McBurney. 2004. Poly(D,L lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres as biodegradable microcarriers for pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 25: 57-63
- O'Donnell, B. and P. Puri. 1984. Treatment of vesicoureteric reflux by endoscopic injection of Teflon. Br. Med. J. 289: 79 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.289.6437.79
- Oldham, J. B., L. Lu, X. Zhu, B. D. Porter, T. E. Hefferan, D. R. Larson, B. L. Currier, A. G. Mikos, and M. J. Yaszemski. 2000. Biological activity of rhBMP-2 released from PLGA microspheres. J. Biomech. Eng. 122: 289-292 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.429662
- Oswald, J., M. Riccabona, L. Lusuardi, G. Bartsch, and C. Radmayr. 2002. Prospective comparison and 1-year followup of a single endoscopic subureteral polydimethylsiloxane versus dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer injection for treatment of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Urology 60: 894-898 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01903-9
- Peattie, R. A., A. P. Nayate, M. A. Firpo, J. Shelby, R. J. Fisher, and G. D. Prestwich. 2004. Stimulation of in vivo angiogenesis by cytokine-loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel implants. Biomaterials 25: 2789-2798 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.09.054
- Politano, V. A. 1982. Periurethral polytetrafluoroethylene injection for urinary incontinence. J. Urol. 127: 439-442 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)53852-5
- Pollack, S. V. 1999. Some new injectable dermal filler materials: Hylaform, Restylane, and Artecoll. J. Cutan. Med. Surg. 3: 27-35
- Requena, C., M. J. Izquierdo, M. Navarro, A. Martinez, J. J. Vilata, R. Botella, J. Amorrortu, V. Sabater, A. Aliaga, and L. Requena. 2001. Adverse reactions to injectable aesthetic microimplants. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 23: 197-202 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000372-200106000-00006
- Sclafani, A. P., T. Romo 3rd, A. Parker, S. A. McCormick, R. Cocker, and A. Jacono. 2002. Homologous collagen dispersion (dermalogen) as a dermal filler: Persistence and histology compared with bovine collagen. Ann. Plast. Surg. 49: 181-188 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-200208000-00011
- Sattar, A., P. Rooney, S. Kumar, D. Pye, D. C. West, I. Scott, and P. Ledger. 1994. Application of angiogenic oligosaccharides of hyaluronan increase bloodvessel numbers in skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 103: 573-579
- Sattar, A., S. Kumar, and D. C. West. 1992. Does hyaluronan have a role in endothelial cell proliferation in the synovium? Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 22: 37-43 https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-0172(92)90047-H
- Savani, R. C., G. Cao, P. M. Pooler, A. Zaman, Z. Zhou, and H. M. DeLisser. 2001. Differential involvement of the hyaluranan (HA) receptors CD44 and receptor for HA-mediated motility in endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 28: 36770-36778
- Thomson, R. C., M. C. Wake, M. J. Yaszemski, and A. G. Mikos. 1995. Biodegradable polymer scaffolds to regenerate organs. Adv. Polym. Sci. 122: 245-274
- Trackman, B. A. and G. E. Leach. 1995. Surgical treatment of intrinsic urethral dysfunction: Injectables (fat). Urol. Clin. North Am. 22: 665-671
- Wang, J., T. T. Shih, K. J. Chang, and Y. W. Li. 2002. Silicone migration fram silicone-injected breasts: Magnetic resonance images. Ann. Plast. Surg. 48: 617-621 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000637-200206000-00009
- West, D. C., I. N. Hampson, F. Arnold, and S. Kumar. 1985. Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid. Science 228: 1324-1326 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2408340
- West, D. C. and S. Kumar. 1989. The effects of hyaluronate and it oligosaccharides on endothelial cell proliferation and monolayer integrity. Exp. Cell Res. 183: 179-196 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4827(89)90428-X
- Yanagihara, M., T. Fujii, N. Wakamatu, H. Ishizaki, T. Takehara, and K. Nawate. 2000. Silicone granuloma on the entry points of acupuncture, venepuncture and surgical needles. J. Cutan. Pathol. 27: 301-305 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0560.2000.027006301.x