Journal of the Korean Society of Safety (한국안전학회지)

The Korean Society of Safety (한국안전학회)
권호 표지

A Study of a Heat Flux Mapping Procedure to Overcome the Limitation of Heat Flux Gauges in Fire Tests

화재실험시 열유속 센서 사용의 단점을 보완한 Heat Flux Mapping Procedure에 관한 연구

  • Choi, Keum-Ran (Center for Safety and Disaster Protection, Seoul National University)
  • 최금란 (서울대학교 안전 및 방재 연구 센터)
  • Published : 2005.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

It is essential to understand the role of wall lining materials when they are exposed to a fire from an ignition source. Full-scale test methods permit an assessment of the performance of a wall lining material. Fire growth models have been developed due to the costly expense associated with full-scale testing. The models require heat flux maps from the ignition burner flame as input data. Work to date was impeded by a lack of detailed spatial characterization of the heat flux maps due to the use of limited instrumentation. To increase the power of fire modeling, accurate and detailed heat flux maps from the ignition burner are essential. High level spatial resolution for surface temperature can be provided from an infrared camera. The objective of this study was to develop a heat flux mapping procedure for a room test burner flame to a wall configuration with surface temperature information taken from an infrared camera. A prototype experiment was performed using the ISO 9705 test burner to demonstrate the developed heat flux mapping procedure. The results of the experiment allow the heat flux and spatial resolutions of the method to be determined and compared to the methods currently available.

건물의 마감재료가 화재에 노출될 때 그 마감재료의 역할을 이해하는 것은 필수적이다. 실물화재실험을 통해서 재료의 성능을 평가하는 것이 가능하다. 그러나 실물화재 실험 시 소요되는 시간과 높은 비용으로 인해 실물 화재 실험이 수행되는 경우는 드물고 대신 컴퓨터 화재 시뮬레이션이 개발되어 왔다. 컴퓨터 화재 시뮬레이션에서는 초기입력 데이터로서 점화 버너의 화염으로부터의 Heat Flux Map이 요구된다. 현재까지의 연구에서는 열전대 혹은 열유속 센서와 같은 실험장치의 제한으로 인해 $10kW/m^2$간격의 Heat Flux Map이 나와있을 뿐이고 공간적으로 더 상세한 Heat Flux Map은 없는 실정이다. 화재 시뮬레이션의 성능을 증가시키기 위해서는 점화 버너로부터의 정확하고 상세한 Heat Flux Map이 필요불가결하다. 본 연구의 목적은 적외선 카메라로부터 얻어진 표면온도를 이용하여 벽에서 점화 버너 화염에 대한 Heat Flux Happing Procedure를 개발하는 것이다. 높은 수준의 공간적 해상도는 적외선 카메라로부터 제공된다. 개발된 Heat Flux Mapping Procedure를 증명하기 위해서 ISO 9705 점화버너를 이용해서 실험이 행해졌다. 실험 결과를 통해 개발된 Heat Flux Mapping방법의 열유속 해상도와 공간적 해상도가 얻어졌다. 또한 그 실험 결과가 현재 쓰여지고 있는 Heat Flux Map과 비교되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. ISO 9705, 'Fire tests - Full-scale room test for surface products', in International Standard ISO 9705, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993
  2. ASTM E-1354, 'Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using the Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter', The American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1992
  3. Karlsson, B., 'Modeling Fire Growth on Combustible Lining Material in Enclosures', Report TVBB-1009, Department of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 1992
  4. Janssens, M.L., and Dillon, S.E., 'Appendix A. Prediction Based on Quintiere's Model of ISO 9705 Room Fire Test Performance of Marine Composites', in Prediction of ISO 9705 Room/Corner Test Results, Final Report, Report No. R & DC - 215 - 99, U.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, 1999
  5. Wright, M.T., 'Flame Spread on Composite Materials for Use in High Speed Craft', Master's thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 1999
  6. Lattimer, B.Y., Hunt, S.P., Sorathia, U., Blum, M., Gracik, T., McFarland, M., Le, A., and Long, G., 'Development of a Model for Predicting Fire Growth in a Combustible Corner', NSWCCD-TR-64-1999/07, Technical Report, Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, West Bethesda, MD, 1999
  7. Dillon, S.E., 'Analysis of the ISO 9705 Room/Corner Test: Simulations, Correlations and Heat Flux Measurements', NIST-GCR-98-756, U.S. Department of Standards and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1998
  8. Janssens, M., 'Predictions of ISO 9705 Room/Corner Test Using a Simple Model', Fire and Materials, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference and Exhibition, Interscience Communications Limited, London, England, pp. 73-83, 1995
  9. Back, G., Beyler, C., DiNenno, P., and Tatem, P., 'Wall Incident Heat Flux Distributions Resulting from an Adjacent Fire', in Fire Safety Science Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium, Elsevier Science Publishers, Ltd., pp. 241-252, 1994
  10. Williamson, R.B., Revenaugh, A., and Mowrer, F.W., 'Ignition Source in Room Fire Tests and Some Implications for Flame Spread Evaluation', Fire Safety Science Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Elsevier Science Publishers, Ltd., pp. 657-666, 1991
  11. Kokkala, M.A., 'Characteristics of a Flame in an Open Corner of Walls', Interflam 1993, Interscience Communications Limited, London, England, pp. 13-24, 1993
  12. Choi, K-R., '3D Thermal Mapping of Cone Calorimeter Specimen and Development of a Heat Flux Mapping Procedure Utilizing an Infrared Camera', Ph.D. dissertation, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 2005
  13. 'ALGOR User's Manual', ALGOR Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (On-line help)
  14. 'Inframetrics Model 760 Operator's Manual', Inframetrics, Inc., MA, 1992