Political Ecology and Bioregionalism: New Directions for Geography and Resource-Use Management

정치생태학과 생물지역주의 - 지리학과 자원이용관리를 위한 새로운 방향 -

  • Published : 2004.12.01

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of political ecology, a body of theory that focuses on the links between political and economic inequality on the one hand, and environmental degradation on the other. Adopting a tripartite classification scheme that identifies three political ecology traditions -'classical', 'democratic' and 'poststructuralist'- the discussion shows the need for a move within the poststructuralist tradition away from a narrow and quasi-idealistic focus on discourse to a more robust philosophical engagement with ontological and epistemological issues grounded in Gilles Deleuze's development of Nietzschean materialism. From there. the author draws on numerous examples from Canada, and surveys the available literature on 'bioregionalism', a relatively new intellectual tradition evolved from the North American environmental social movements of the 1970s and 1980s. The so-called 'bioregional approach' stresses that administrative units need to reflect (rather than transect) eco-geographical and cultural features. Bioregionalism is described and assessed as a potential pragmatic research framework for geographers and other planners wishing to respond proactively to the call for a revamped, poststructuralist political ecology. The paper concludes that a bioregional approach to political ecology avoids the weaknesses identified by certain critics, provides scope for consideration of fundamental philosophical ideas, and as such, represents a practical development of a poststructuralist political ecology.

이 논문은 정치생태학이론을 정치적 및 경제적 불균등 간의 연계측면과 환경파괴에 초점을 맞춘 측면을 동시에 개략적으로 검토한 것이다. 본 논문에서는 정치생태학 전통을 '고전적', '민주적', '탈 구조주의적'으로 나누는 3가지 분류 도식을 채택하였다. 탈 구조주의 전통은 협의의 준(準)이상적인 담론으로부터 존재론적이고 인식론적인 이슈에 더 강한 철학적 참여로 나아갈 필요가 있다. 후자의 견해는 니체의 유물론에서 발전된 Gilles Deleuze의 것에 입각한다. 이러한 배경에서. 본 논문은 1970 및 80년대에 북미의 환경운동으로부터 발달된 비교적 새로운 지적 전통인 '생물지역주의'에 관한 문헌들을 검토한다. 또한 이른바 '생물지역적 접근'은 행정단위는 생태-지리적 및 문화적 현상을 갈라놓기보다는 반영할 필요가 있다. 생물지역주의는 탈 구조주의적 정치생태학의 수정 필요성에 동조하는 지리학자와 계획가들에게 잠재적인 실용적 연구의 개념적 틀로서 평가된다. 결론적으로 정치생태학에 대한 생물지역적 접근은 비평에 의해 확인된 약점들을 회피하면서. 기초적인 철학적 관념의 고려사항의 범위론 제공하고. 그로부터 탈 구조주의적 정치생태학의 실용적 발달을 이룰 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Aberley, D., ed. 1993a, Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island
  2. Aberley, D., ed., 1993b, Eye memory: the inspiration of aboriginal mapping, in Aberley, D. ed., Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment, 8-16, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island
  3. Aberley, D., ed., 1993c, How to map your bioregion: a primer for community activists, in Aberley, D. ed., Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment, 71-129, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island
  4. Aberley, D., ed., 1999, Interpreting bioregionalism: a story from many voices, in M.V. McGinnis, ed., Bioregionalism, 13-42, Routledge, London
  5. Alexander, D., 1990, Bioregionalism: science or sensibility?, Environmental Ethics 12(2),160-173
  6. Alfred, G.R., 1995, Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism, Oxford University Press, Toronto
  7. Ankersen, T.T., 1999, Addressing the conservation conundrum in mesoamerica, in McGinnis, M.V. ed., Bioregionalism, 171-187, Routledge, London
  8. Beck, U., 1992, RiskSociety: Towards a New Modernity, trans., Ritter, M. Sage, London
  9. Black, R., 1990, 'Regional Political Ecology' in theory and practice: a case study from Northern Portugal, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 15(1),35-47
  10. Blaikie, P., 1985, The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries, Longman, London
  11. Blaikie, P. and Brookfield, H., eds., 1987, Land Degradation and Society, Methuen, London
  12. Bradshaw, B., 2003, Questioning the credibility and capacity of community-based resource management, Canadian Geographer, 47(2),137-150
  13. Bras d'Or Watershed Working Group, 1995, Taking Care of the Bras d'Or: A New Approach to Stewardship of the Bras d'Or Watershed, University College of Cape Breton, Sydney
  14. Broad, R. and Cavanagh, J., 1993, Plundering Paradise: The Struggle for the Environment in the Philippines, University of California Press, Berkeley
  15. Brody, H., 1988, Maps and Dreams: Indians and the British Columbia Frontier, Douglas & Mcintyre, Vancouver
  16. Castree, N., 2003, Environmental issues: relational ontologies and hybrid politics, Progress in Human Geography, 27(2),203-211
  17. Cholette, K., Alexander, D. and Tester, F., 1996, centralism, de-centralism and bio-regionalism, New City Magazine 1996(Annual), 35-38
  18. Deleuze, G., 1983, Nietzsche and Philosophy, trans. H. Tomlinson, Columbia University Press, New York
  19. Deleuze, G., 1990, Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza, trans., Joughin, M. Zone Books, New York
  20. Deleuze, G., 1994 [orig. 1968], Difference and Repetition, trans., Patton, P. Columbia University Press, New York.
  21. Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F., 1987, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans, Massumi, B. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
  22. Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F., 1994, What is Philosophy?, trans, Burchell G. and Tomlinson, H. Verso, London & New York
  23. Escobar, A., 1996, Construction nature: elements for a post-structuralist political ecology, Futures, 28(4),325-343
  24. Escobar, A., 1999, After nature: steps to an antiessentialist political Eecology, Current Anthropology, 30(1), 1-30
  25. Esteva, G. and Prakash, M.S., 1998, Grassroots Post Modernism: Remaking the Soil of Cultures, Zed, London
  26. Foucault, M., 1980, Truth and power, in Gordon, C. ed., Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, 109-133, Pantheon, New York
  27. Hayward, T., 1994, The meaning of political ecology, Radical Philosophy, 66(Spring), 11-20
  28. Hipwell, W., 2001, Taking Charge of the Bras d'Or: Ecological Politics in the 'Land of Fog', Carleton University Department of Geography and Environmental Studies PhD. Thesis, Ottawa
  29. Hipwell, W., 2004, A Deleuzian critique of resource-use management politics in Industria, The Canadian Geographer/Le Geographe Canadien, 48(3), 356-377
  30. Hornborg, A, 1994, Environmentalism, ethnicity, and sacred places: reflections on modernity, discourse, and power, Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 31(3),245-247
  31. Klyza, C.M., 1999, Bioregional possibilities in Vermont, in McGinnis, M.V. ed., Bioregionalism, 81-98, Routledge, London
  32. Kuehls, T., 1996, Beyond Sovereign Territory: The Space of Ecopolitics (Borderlines, Volume 4), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
  33. Lao-Tzu, 1992, Tao Te Ching: About the Way of Nature and Its Powers, trans., Miles, T.H. Avery Publishing Group, New York
  34. Latour, B., 2004, Politics of Nature, Tans. C. Porter, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. anmd London
  35. Leopold, A., 1947, A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There, Oxford University Press, New York
  36. Light, A, 1997, Materialists, ontologists, and environmental pragmatists, in Gottlieb, RS. ed., The Ecological Community, 255-269, Routledge, London
  37. Lipschutz, R.D., 1999, Bioregionalism, civil society, and global environmental governance, in McGinnis, M.V. ed., Bioregionalism, 101-120, Routledge, London
  38. Lovelock, J.E., 1988, The Agesof Gaia: A Biography of Our Living Planet, W.W. Norton and Co, New York
  39. Marshall, G., 1993, Step one: mapping the biosphere, in Aberley, D. ed., Boundaries of Home: Mapping for Local Empowerment, 51-59, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island
  40. McGinnis, M.V., 1993, A Biorcgional Visioll: Reconciling Nature and the Bureaucratic Experience, University of California Department of Political Science, Ph.D., Thesis, Santa Barbara
  41. McGinnis, M.V., ed. 1999, Bioregionalism, Routledge, London
  42. McTaggart, W.D., 1993, Bioregionalism and regional geography: place, people, and networks, The Canadian Geographer/Le Geographe Canadien,. 37(4), 307-319
  43. Naess, A., 1993 [orig. 1982], Simple in means, rich in ends, in Zimmerman, M.E. ed., Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Deep Ecology, pp. 182-192, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
  44. Nietzsche, F., 1927 [orig. 1888], Thus spake Zarathustra, in Fadiman, C.P. ed., The Philosophy of Nietzsche, 3-368, The Modern Library/Random House, New York.
  45. Nietzsche, F., 1989 [orig. 1888], Ecce Homo, in W. Kaufmann, ed., On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, pp. 201-344, Vintage Books, New York.
  46. Parkes, G., ed. 1991, Nietzsche and Asian Thought, University of Chicago Press, Chicago
  47. Parsons, J.J., 1985, On 'Bioregionalism' and 'Watershed Consciousness', The Professional Geographer, 37(1),1-6
  48. Peet, R., and Watts, M.,1996, liberation ecology:development, sustainability, and environment in an age of market triumphalism, in R Peet and Watts, M. eds., Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements, 1-45, Routledge, London
  49. Pinkerton, E., 1989, Introduction: attaining better fisheries management through co-Management-- prospects, problems, and propositions, in Pinkerton, E. ed., Co-operative Management of Local Fisheries: New Directions for Improved Management and Community Development, 3-33, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver
  50. Pogge, T.W., 1992, Cosmopolitanism and sovereignty, Ethics, 103(October), 48-75
  51. Rappaport, R.A., 1979, Ecology, Meaning, and Religion, North Atlantic Books, Richmond
  52. Relph, E., 1976, Place and Placelessness, Pion, London
  53. Sale, K., 1991 [orig. 1985], Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia and Gabriola Island.
  54. Saskatchewan Indian Federated College, 1996, Co-Managing Natural Resources with First Nations: Guidelines to Reaching Agreements and Making Them Work, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Ottawa
  55. Shute, J. and Knight, D.B., 1995, Obtaining an understanding of environmental knowledge:wendaban stewardship authority, The Canadian Geographer/Le Ceographe Canadien, 39(2), 101-111
  56. Stea, D. and Wisner, B., 1984, The fourth world: a geography of indigenous struggles: introduction, Antipode, 16(2),3-12
  57. Thompson, M. and Warburton, M., 1988, Uncertainty on a Himalayan scale, in Pitt, J.I.a.D.C. ed., Deforestation: Social Dynamics in Watersheds and Mountain Ecosystems, 1-53, Routledge, London
  58. Vayda, A.P. and Walters, B.B., 1999, Against political ecology, Human Ecology, 27(1),167-179
  59. Wadland, J. and Gibson, A., 1997, Bioregionalism: interdisciplinarity in theory and practice, Arachne, 4(2)(1997), 43-65
  60. Weyler, R, 1992, Blood of the Land: The Government and Corporate War against First Nations, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia and Gabriola Island
  61. Zimmerer, K.S., 1994,Human geography and the 'New Ecology': the prospect and promise of integration, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(1), 108-125