기업 전략과 정보기술의 활용을 통한 경쟁적 우위와의 조화가 기업 성과에 미치는 영향: 1997년과 2004년 비교연구

Alignment between Corporate Strategy and Competitive Advantage of IT and Its Impact on Corporate Performance: 1997 vs. 2004

  • 발행 : 2004.12.31

초록

This paper empirically and longitudinally examines relationships among corporate strategy, competitive advantage of information technology (CAIT), and organizational performance. This research replicates the research done in 1997 and compares the results to observe any noticeable changes. Research results confirm that information technology provides several traits of strategic advantages such as efficiency, threat, functionality, preemptiveness, and synergy and significantly contributes to corporate performance both in 1997 and 2004. The findings reinforce the accepted belief that alignment between corporate strategy and CAIT is critical for firms to attain sustainable competitive advantage, subsequently enhances corporate performance and competitive position against rivals, potential entrants, substitutes, suppliers, and buyers. Research results of 2004 show stronger relationships among corporate strategy, competitive advantage of information technology, and organizational performance than research results of 1997.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 김효근, '정보기술의 전략적 이용에 관한 제 연구의 평가와 방향,' 1993년도 경영정보학회 추계학술대회논문집, pp. 355-378
  2. 성태경, '정보기술과 조직구조의 관련성에 대한 재고찰,' 경영정보학연구, 제5권 제1호, 1995, pp. 129-163
  3. 성태경, '조직의 전략과 정보기술의 활용을 통한 조직의 성과 향상에 관한 연구 -국내 제조업을 중심으로-,' 경영학연구, 제26권 제1호, 1998, pp. 65-86
  4. 성태경, '정보기술의 활용과 기업 전략과의 조화가 기업 성과에 미치는 영향,' 경영정보학연구, 제8권 제1호, 1998, pp. 65-86
  5. 이순철, '경영정보시스템 전략과 경영전략의 결합에 대한 모델 연구,' 경영정보학연구, 제3권 제1호, 1993, pp. 3-30
  6. Adam, Nabil, R., Dogramaci, Oktay, Gangopadhyay, Aryya, and Yesha, Yelena, Electronic Commerce: Technical, Business, and Legal Issues, Upper Saddle River: NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1999
  7. Bakos, Y.J., 'A Strategic Analysis of Electronic Marketplaces,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 15, No.3, 1991, pp. 295-312 https://doi.org/10.2307/249641
  8. Bakos, Y.J. and Treacy, M.E., 'Information Technology and Corporate Strategy: A Research Perspective, ' MIS Quartedy, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1986, pp. 107-119 https://doi.org/10.2307/249029
  9. Ball, L. and Harris, R., 'SIMS Member: A Membership Analysis,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1982, pp. 19-38 https://doi.org/10.2307/248752
  10. Barua, Anitesh, Charles H. Kriebel, and Tridas Mukhopadhyay, 'An Economic Analysis of Strategic Information Technology Investments,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1991, pp. 313-331 https://doi.org/10.2307/249643
  11. Barua, Anitesh, Charles H. Kriebel, and Tridas Mulkhopadhyay, 'Information Technologies and Business Value: An Analytic and Empirical Investigation,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1995, pp. 3-23 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.6.1.3
  12. Benbasat, Izak and Dexter, Albert S., 'An Experimental Evaluation of Graphical and Color-Enhanced Information Presentation,' Management Science, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1985, pp. 1348-1364 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.31.11.1348
  13. Benbasat, Izak and Dexter, Albert S., 'An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Color and Graphical Information Presentation under Varying Time Constraints,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1986, pp. 59-83 https://doi.org/10.2307/248881
  14. Benbasat, Izak, Dexter, Albert S. and Masulis, Paul S., 'An Experimental Study of the Human/Computer Interface,' Communications of the ACM, Vol. 24, No. 11, 1981, pp. 752-762 https://doi.org/10.1145/358790.358795
  15. Bender, Donald H., 'Financial Impact of Information Processing,' Journal of MIS, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1986, pp. 22-32
  16. Benjamin, R.I., Rockart, J.F., Scott Morton, M.S. and Wyman, J., 'Information Technology: A Strategic Opportunity,' Sloan Management Review, Spring 1984, pp.3-10
  17. Berger, P., Koberlius, J.G. and Sutherland, D.E., Measuring Value of Information Technologies, ICIT Press, Washington, D.C., 1988
  18. Bergeron, Francois, Chantal Beteau and Louis Raymond, 'Identification of Strategic Information Systems Opportunities: Applying and Comparing Two Methodologies,' MIS Quarterly Vol. 15, No. 1, 1991, pp. 89-103 https://doi.org/10.2307/249439
  19. Bharadwaj, A., Bharadwaj, S. and Konsynski, B., Information Technology Effects on Firm Performance as Measured by Tobin's q, Management Science, Vol. 45, No. 6, 1999, pp. 1008-1024 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.45.7.1008
  20. Bharadwj, A., Sambamurthy, V. and Zmud, R.W., IT Capabilities: A Multidi-mensional Operationalization and Assessment of Impacts on Firm Performance, Working Paper, August 2000
  21. Bowman, Brent, Davis, Gordon B. and Wetherbe, James, 'Three Stage of MIS PIanning,' Information and Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1983, pp. 11-25 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(83)90016-2
  22. Brancheau, J.C. and Wetherbe, J.C., 'Key Issues in Information Systems Management,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1987, pp. 23-45 https://doi.org/10.2307/248822
  23. Brown, Frederick G., Principles of Educational and Psychological Testing, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983
  24. Brown, Robert M., Amy W. Gatian, and James O. Hicks, 'Strategic Information Systems and Financial Performance,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1995, pp. 215-248
  25. Brynjolfsson, Erik and Kahin, Brian (eds.), Understanding the Digital Economy, Boston, MA: MIT Press, 2000
  26. Business Week, 'The Information Appliance,' June 1996, pp. 41-61
  27. Buzzell, R.D., Gale, B.T. and Sultan, R.G.M., 'Market Share: A Key to Profitability,' Harvard Business Review, Jan.-Feb. 1975, pp. 97-106
  28. Camillus, J.C. and Lederer, A.L., 'Corporate Strategy and the Design of Computerized Information Systems,' Sloan Management Review, Spring 1985, pp. 35-42
  29. Carman, James M. and Langeard, E., 'Growth Strategies for Service Firms,' Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1980, pp. 7-22 https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250010103
  30. Chen, K.C. and Lee, J., 'Accounting Measures of Business Performance and Tobins q Theory,' Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, Vol. 10, 1995, pp. 587-607 https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X9501000310
  31. Chan, Yolande, E., Huff, S.L., Barclay, D. W. and Copeland, D.C, 'Business Strategy Orientation, Information Systems Strategic Orientation, and Strategic Alignment,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1997, pp. 125-150 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.8.2.125
  32. Clemons, E.K., 'Information Systems for Sustainable Competitive Advantage,' Information and Management, Vol. 11, 1986, pp. 131-136.
  33. Clemons, E.K. and Kimbrough, S.O., 'Information Systems, Telecommunications, and their Effects on Industrial Organization,' Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Information Systems, December 1986, pp. 99-108
  34. Clemons, Eric. K. and Michael C. Row, 'Information Technology at Rosenbluth Travel: Competitive Advantage in a Rapidly Growing Global Service Industry,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1991a, pp. 53-80
  35. Clemons, Eric. K. and Michael C. Row, 'Sustaining IT Advantage: The Role of Structural Differences,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1991b, pp. 275-292 https://doi.org/10.2307/249639
  36. Clemons, Eric K. and Bruce W. Weber, 'Segmentation, Differentiation, and Flexible Pricing: Experiences with Information Technology and Segment-Tailored Strategies,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1994, pp. 9-36
  37. Cron, W.L. and Sobol, M.G. 'The Relationship between Computerization and Performance:A Strategy for Maximizing Economic Benefits of Computerization,' Information and Management, Vol. 6 1983, pp. 171-181 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(83)90034-4
  38. Das, Sidgartha R., Shaker A. Zahra and Merill E. Warkentin, 'Integrating the Content and Process of Strategic MIS Planning with Corporate Strategy,' Decision Sciences, Vol. 22, pp. 953-984
  39. Davenport, T.H., Process Innovations, Harvard Business School Press, 1993
  40. Davenport, T.H. and Short, J.E., 'The New Industrial Engineering: Information Technology and Business Process Redesign,' Sloan Management Review, Vol. 11, Summer 1990, pp. 11-27
  41. Delone, William H. and McLean, Ephrain R., 'Information Systems Success: The Quest for the Dependent Variable,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1992, pp. 60-95 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.3.1.60
  42. Dess, Gregory and Davis, Peter S., 'Porter's (1980) Generic Strategies as Determinants of Strategic Group Membership and Organizational Performance,' Academy of Management Journal , Vol. 27, No. 3, 1984, pp. 467-488 https://doi.org/10.2307/256040
  43. Dickson, G.W., Leitheiser, R.L., Wetherbe, J.C. and Nechis, M., 'Key Information Issues for the 1980's,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1984, pp. 135-159 https://doi.org/10.2307/248662
  44. Duncan, Robert B., 'Characteristics of Organizational Environments and Perceived Environmental Uncertainty,' Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 17, 1972, pp. 313-327 https://doi.org/10.2307/2392145
  45. Ein-dor, Phillip, Segev, Eli, and Steinfeld, Abraham, 'Use of Management Information Systems: An Experimental Study,' Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Systems, 1981, pp. 215-228.
  46. Feeny, David F. and Blake Ives, 'In Search of Sustainability: Reaping Long-term Advantage from Investments in Information Technology,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1990, pp. 27-46
  47. Floyd, Steven W. and Wooldridge, Bill., 'Path Analysis of the Relationship between Competitive Strategy, Information Technology, and Financial Performance,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Summer 1990, Vol. 7, No. 1 , pp. 47-64 https://doi.org/10.1080/07399019008968343
  48. Galbraith, C. and Schendel D., 'An Empirical Analysis of Strategy Types,' Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1983, pp. 153-173 https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250040206
  49. Gerstein, M. and Reisman, H., 'Creating Competitive Advantage with Computer Technology,' The Journal of Business Strategy, 1982, pp. 53-60
  50. Hall, B.H., 'The Stock Market's Valuation of R&D Investment During the 1980's,' AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 1993, pp. 259-264
  51. Hambrick, D.C., 'Some Test of the Effectiveness and Functional Attributes of Miles and Snow's Strategic Types,' Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1., 1983, pp. 5-26 https://doi.org/10.2307/256132
  52. Hammer, Michael, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate,' Harvard Business Review, July-August 1990, pp. 104-112
  53. Hammer, Michael and Champy, James, Reengineering the Corporation, Harper Business, 1993
  54. Harris, S.B. and Katz, J.L., 'Profitability and Information Technology Capital Intensity in the Insurance Industry,' Proceedings of the 21st Hawaii International Conference on Systems Science, 1988, pp. 124-130
  55. Hitt, L. and Brynjolfsson, E., 'Productivity, Business Profitability, and Consumer Surplus: Three Different Measures of Information Technology Value,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1996, pp. 121-142 https://doi.org/10.2307/249475
  56. Huber, George P., 'The Nature and Design of Post-Industrial Organizations,' Management Science, Vol. 30, No. 8, 1984, pp. 928-951 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.8.928
  57. Huber, George P. and McDaniel, Reuben R., 'The Decision Making Paradigm of Organizational Design,' Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 5, 1986, pp. 572-589 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.5.572
  58. Ian, M., 'Computing Matters: Making it Work tp Best Effect,' Management Today, Jan. 1989, pp. 109-110
  59. Ives, Blake and Learmonth, Gerald P., 'The Information Systems As A Competitive Weapon,' Communications of the ACM, Vol. 27, No. 12, December 1984, pp. 1193-1201 https://doi.org/10.1145/2135.2137
  60. Ives, Blake and Vitale, M.R., 'After the Sale: Leverage Maintenance with Information Technology,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1988, pp. 7-21 https://doi.org/10.2307/248797
  61. Jarvenpaa Sirkka L. and Blake Ives, 'Information Technology and Corporate Strategy,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 1. No. 4, 1990, pp. 351-415 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1.4.351
  62. Johnston, H.R. and Carrico, S.R., 'Developing Capabilities to Use Information Strategically,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1988, pp. 37-48 https://doi.org/10.2307/248801
  63. Karami, Jahanger, Yash P. Gupta and Toni M. Somers, 'The Congruence Between a Firm's Competitive Straetgy and Information Technology Leader's Rank and Role,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1996, pp. 63-88
  64. Kaspar, George M. and Cerveny, P., 'A Laboratory Study of User Characteristics and Decision-Making Performance in Experimental Setting,' Information and Management, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1985, pp. 87-96 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(85)90030-8
  65. Keen, P.G.W., 'MIS Research: Reference Disciplines and a Cumulative Tradition,' Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information Systems, Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. 9-18
  66. Keen, P.G.W., Competing in Time, Washington, D.C., ICIT Press, 1986
  67. Kettinger, William J., Varun Grover, Subashish Guha, and Albert H. Sefars, 'Strategic Information Systems Revisited: A Study of Sustainability and Performance,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1994, pp. 31-58 https://doi.org/10.2307/249609
  68. Khandwalla, P.N., Report on the Influence of the Techno-Economic Environment on Firms' Organization, McGill University, 1971
  69. King, W.R., 'Strategic Planning for Management Information Systems,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1978, pp.27-37 https://doi.org/10.2307/249104
  70. King, William R. and Rajiv Sabherwal, 'The Factors Affecting Strategic Information Systems Applications,' Information & Management, Vol. 23, No. 4, 1992, pp. 217-235 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(92)90046-I
  71. King, William R. and Thompson S.H. Teo, 'Key Dimensions of Facilitators and Inhibitors for the Strategic Use of Information Technology,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1996, pp. 35-54
  72. Kivijarvi, Hannu and Timo Saarinen, 'Investment in Information Systems and the Financial Performance of the Firm,' Information & Management, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1995, pp. 143-163 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(95)94022-5
  73. Krcmar, Helmut and Henry C. Lucas, Jr., 'Success Factors for Strategic Information Systems,' Information & Management, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1991, pp. 137-145 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(91)90060-F
  74. Lederer, Albert L. and Vijay Sethi, 'Root Causes of Strategic Information Systems Planning Implementation Problems,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1992, pp. 25-46
  75. Lederer, Albert L. and Vijay Sethi, 'Key Prescriptions for Strategic Information Systems Planning,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1996, pp. 35-62
  76. Lincoln, Tim, 'Do Computer Systems Really Pay-Off,' Information and Management, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1986, pp. 25-34 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(86)90073-X
  77. Mahmood, Mo Adam and Gary J. Mann, 'Measuring the Organizational Impact of Information Technology Investment: An Exploratory Study,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1993, pp. 97-122
  78. Malone, T.W., Yates, J. and Benjamin, R.I., 'Electronic markets and Electronic Hierarchies,' Communications of the ACM, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1987, pp. 484-497 https://doi.org/10.1145/214762.214766
  79. Mata, Francisco J., William L. Fuerst and Jay B. Barney, 'Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Analysis,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1995, pp. 487-506 https://doi.org/10.2307/249630
  80. McFarlan, Warren F., 'Information Technology Changes the Way You Compete,' Harvard Business Reνiew, May-June 1984, pp. 98-103
  81. McFarlan, F.W., McKenney, J.L. and Pyburn, P., 'The Information Archipelago-Plotting a Course,' Harvard Business Reνiew, Jan.-Feb. 1983, pp.145-156
  82. McGaughey, Ronald, E. Jr., Charles A. Snyder, and Houston H. Carr, 'Implementing Information Technology for Competitive Advantage: Risk Management Issues,' Information & Management, Vol. 26, No. 5, 1994, pp. 273-280 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(94)90066-3
  83. Megna, P. and Mueller, D.C, 'Profit Rates and Intangible Capital,' The Review for Economics and Statistics, 1991, pp. 632-642
  84. Miller J. and Doyle, B.A., 'Measuring Effectiveness of Computer Based Information Systems in the Financial Services Sector,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1987, pp. 107-124 https://doi.org/10.2307/248832
  85. Miller, Sanny, 'Relating Porter's Business Strategies to Environment and Structure: Analysis and Performance Implications,' Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1988, pp. 280-308 https://doi.org/10.2307/256549
  86. Miles, R.E. and Snow, C.C., Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978
  87. Mitra, Sabayachi and Antonie Karim Chaya, 'Analyzing Cost-Effectiveness of Organizations: The Impact of Information Technology Spending,' Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1996, pp. 29-58
  88. Montgomery, C., Wernerfelt, B. 'Diversification, Ricardian Rents, and Tobin's q,' Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 19, Winter 1988, pp. 623-32 https://doi.org/10.2307/2555461
  89. Mukhopadhyay, Tridas, Sunder Kekre, and Suresh Kalathur, 'Business Value of Information Technology: A Study of Electronic Data Interchange,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1995, pp. 137-156 https://doi.org/10.2307/249685
  90. Neumann, Seev, Niv Ahituv, and Moshe Zviran, 'A Measure for Determining the Strategic Relevance of IS to the Organization,' Information & Management, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1992, pp. 281-299
  91. Nunally, Jum C., Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978
  92. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), The Economics and Social Impact of Electronic Commerce, 1999
  93. Parsons, G.L., 'Information Technology: A New Competitive Weapon,' Sloan Management Review, Fall 1983, pp.3-14
  94. Porter, M.E., Competitive Strategy, New York, Free Press, 1980
  95. Porter, M.E., Competitiνe Advantage, New York, Free Press, 1985
  96. Porter, M.E, and Millar, V.E., 'How Information Gives You Competitive Advantage,' Harvard Business Review, July-August 1985, pp. 149-160
  97. Prekumar G. and William R. King, 'Organizational Characteristics and Information Systems Planning: An Empirical Study,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 5. No. 2, 1994, pp. 75-109 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.5.2.75
  98. Rackoff, N., Wisemanm C. and Ullrich, A., 'Information Systems for Competitive Advantage: Implementation of a Planning Process,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1985, pp. 285-294 https://doi.org/10.2307/249229
  99. Reich, Blaize H. and Izak Benbasat, 'Measuring the Linkage Between Business and Information Technology Objectives,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1996, pp. 55-82 https://doi.org/10.2307/249542
  100. Rifkin, G., 'CEO's Give Credit for Today but Expect More for Tomorrow,' Computerworld, April 1989, pp. 75-88
  101. Rivard, Suzanne and Huff, Sid L., 'User Developed Applications: Evaluation of Success from the DP Department Perspective,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1984, pp. 39-50 https://doi.org/10.2307/249243
  102. Rockart, J.F., 'Chief Executives Define Their own Data Needs,' Harvard Business Review, March-April 1979, pp. 81-93
  103. Rockart, J.F. and Treacy, M.E., 'The CEO Goes on line,' Harvard Business Review, Jan.-Feb. 1982, pp. 82-88
  104. Rockart, J.E and Scott Morton, M.S., 'Implications of Changes in Information Technology for Corporate Strategy,' Interfaces, Jan.-Feb. 1984, pp. 84-95
  105. Sabherwal Rajiv and William R. King, 'Towards a Theory of Strategic Use of Information Resources,' Information & Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1991, pp. 191-202 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(91)90055-7
  106. Sethi, Vijay, K.T. Hwang, and C. Pagels, 'Information Technology and Organizational Performance,' Information and Management, Vol. 25, 1993, pp. 193-205 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(93)90068-5
  107. Sethi, Vijay and King, William R., 'Development of Measures to Assess the Extent to which an Information Technology Application Provides Competitive Advantage,' Management Science, Vol. 40, No. 12, December 1994, pp. 1601-1627 https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.40.12.1601
  108. Simon, C.J. and Sullivan, M.W., 'The Measurement and Determinants of Brand Equity: A Financial Approach,' Marketing Science, Vol. 12, Winter 1993, pp. 28-52 https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.12.1.28
  109. Teo, Thompson S.H. and William R. King, 'Facilitators and Inhibitors for the Strategic Use of Information Technology,' Information & Management, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1994, pp. 71-87 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(94)90008-6
  110. Teo, Thompson S.H. and William R. King, 'Assessing the Impact of Integrating Business Planning and IS Planning,' Information & Management, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1996, pp. 309-321 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(96)01076-2
  111. Tung, Rosalie, L., 'Dimensions of Organizational Environment: An Exploratory Study of Their Impacts on Organizational Structure,' Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1979, pp. 672-673 https://doi.org/10.2307/255808
  112. Turner, Jon A., 'Firm Size, Performance, and Computer Use,' Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Information Systems, 1982, pp. 109-120
  113. Vasarhelyi, Miklos A., 'Information Processing in a Simulated Stock Market Environment,' Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Information Systems, 1981, pp. 267-274
  114. Vitale, M., B. Ives and Beath, C., 'Identifying Strategic Information Systems: Finding a process Building an Organization?,' Information Technology and Management Strategy, The 1986 NYU Symposium, May 1986, pp. 111-135
  115. Warner, T.N., 'Information Technology as a Competitive Burden,' Sloan Management Review, Fall 1987, pp. 55-61
  116. Weil, P. and Olson, M.H., 'Managing Investment in Information Technology : Mini Case Examples and Implications,' MIS Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1989, pp. 3-18 https://doi.org/10.2307/248694
  117. Weill, Peter, 'The Relationship Between Investment in Information Technology and Firm Performance: A Study of the Valve Manufacturing Sector,' Information Systems Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1992, pp. 307-333 https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.3.4.307
  118. Wiseman, C. and MacMillan, I., 'Creating Competitive Weapons from Information Systems,' Business Strategy, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1984, pp.42-49 https://doi.org/10.1108/eb039057
  119. Westland, J. Christopher and Clark, Theodore H.K., Global Electronic Commerce: Theory and Case Studies, Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 1999
  120. Yap, Chee S. and Walsham, Geoff, 'A Survey of Information Technology in the U.K. Service Sector,' Information and Management, Vol. 10, No. 5, 1986, pp. 267-274 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7206(86)90029-7