Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지

Evaluation of Methyl lodide ($CH_3I$) Flux Based on Airborne field Observations

  • Shon, Zang-Ho (Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University)
  • Published : 2004.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A total of 10 boundary layer sampling events over the Pacific Ocean were analyzed for the purpose of defining the sea-to-air $CH_3$I flux using a mass balance photochemical model. These events were recorded on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C-130 aircraft as part of the Aerosol Charac-terization Experiment (ACE 1). The latitude range, covered by these events, was 2$^{\circ}$ N to 55$^{\circ}$ S. The flux ranges were 4 to 33 nmol m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ , with an average value of 11$\pm$8 nmol m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ . This study also indicated that the current approach to estimate the flux was not systematically different from the sea-air exchange model.

Keywords

References

  1. Allan, B.l., G. McFiggans, J.M.C. Plane, and H. Coe (2000) Observations of iodine monoxide in the remote marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14363-14369
  2. Andreae, M.O.(1986) The ocean as a source of atmospheric sulfur compounds. In The Role of Air Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, ed. P. BuatMenard, D. Reidel, Netherlands, 331-362
  3. Baker, A.R., S.M. Turner, W.J. Broadgate, A. Thompson, G.B. McFiggans, O. Vesperini, P.D. Nightingale, P.S. Liss, and T.D. Jickells (2000) Distribution and sea- air fluxes of biogenic trace gases in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14, 871-886
  4. Bassford, M.R., G. Mickelss, P.G. Simmonds, A.C. Lewis, M.J. Pilling, and M.J. Evans (1999) The concurrent observation of methyl iodide and dimethyl sulphide in marine air; implications for sources of atmospheric methyl iodide. Atmos. Environ., 33, 2373-2383
  5. Bates, T.S., V.N. Kapustin, P.K. Quinn, D.S. Covert, D.J. Coffman, C. Mari, P.A. Durkee, W.J. De Bruyn, and E.S. Saltzman (1998) Processes controlling the distribution of aerosol particles in the lower marine boundary layer during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE I). 1. Geophys. Res., 103, 16369-16383
  6. Blake, N.J., C.H. Kang, D.C. Thornton, A.R. Bandy, E. Atlas, F. Flocke, J.M. Harris, F.S. Rowland, D.R. Blake, O.W. Wingenter, and B.C. Sive(1999) Aircraft measurements of the latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of NMHCs, methyl nitrate, methyl halides, and DMS during the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 1).1. Geophys. Res., 104, 21803-21817
  7. Campos, M.L., P.D. Nightingale, and T.D. lickells (1996) A comparison of methyl iodide emissions from seawater and wet depositional fluxes of iodine over the southern North Sea. Tellus, 48B, 106-114
  8. De Bruyn, W.J. and E.S. Saltzman (1997) Diffusivity of methyl bromide in water. Mar. Chem., 56, 51-57
  9. Itoh, N., M. Tsujita, T. Ando, G. Hisatomi, and T. Higashi (1997) Formation and emission of monohalomethanes from marine algae. Phytochemistry, 45, 67-73
  10. Li, H.-J., Y. Yokouchi, and H. Akimoto (1999) Measurement of methyl halides in the marine atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 33, 1881-1887
  11. Liss, P.S. and Slater (1974) Flux of gases across the airsea interface. Nature, 247, 181-184
  12. Liss, P.S. and L. Merlivat (1986) Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis, in The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling. Edited by P. Buat-Mnard, pp. 113-127, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass
  13. Lovelock, J.E., R.J. Maggs, and R.J. Wade(1973) Halogenated hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic. Nature, 256, 193-194
  14. Manley, S.L. and M.N. Dastoor(1988) Methyl iodide production by kelp and associated microbes. Mar. Bio., 98, 477-482
  15. Moore, R.M. and O. Zafiriou(1994) Photochemical production of methyl iodide in seawater. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 16415-16420
  16. Moore, R.M. and W. Groszko(1999) Methyl iodide distribution in the ocean and fluxes to the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 11163-11171
  17. Rattigan, O.V., D.E. Shallcross, and R.A. Cox (1997) UV absorption cross - sections and atmospheric photolysis rates of CF 3I, CH3I, CzHsI, and CHzICI. Journal of Chemical Society Faraday Transaction, 93, 2839-2846
  18. Reifenhauser, W. and K.G. Heumann (1992) Determinations of methyl iodide in the Antarctic atmosphere and the south polar sea. Atmos. Environ., 26, 2905-2912
  19. Shon, Z.-H. (1999) Photochemical assessment of oceanic emissions of DMS and its oxidation to $SO_2$ based on airborne field observations, Ph. D. dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  20. Shon, Z.-H., D. Davis, G. Chen, G. Grodzinsky, A. Bandy, D. Thornton, S. Sandholm, J. Bradshaw, R. Stickel, W. Chameides, G. Kok, L. Russell, L. Mauldin, D. Tanner, and F. Eisele (2001) Evaluation of the DMS flux and its conversion to $SO_2$ over the Southern Ocean. Atmos. Environ., 35, 159-172.
  21. Shon, Z.-H. and N. Kim (2002) A modeling study of halogen chemistry's role in marine boundary layer ozone. Atmos. Environ., 36, 4289-1298
  22. Singh, H.B., L.J. Salas, and R. Stiles (1983) Methyl halides in and over the eastern Pacific (40N-32S), J. Geophys. Res., 88, 3684-3690
  23. Smethie, W.M., Jr., T. Takahashi, D.W. Chipman, and J.R. Ledwell (1985) Gas exchange and $CO_2$ flux in the tropical Atlantic Ocean determined from zzzRn and pCO z measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7005-7022.
  24. Wanninkhof, R. (1992) Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res.,97, 7373-7382
  25. Wilke, C.R. and P. Chang (1955) Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 1, 265-270.