Archives of Pharmacal Research

The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea (대한약학회)
권호 표지

Determination of Flavonoids, Tannins and Ellagic Acid in Leaves from Rubus L. Species

  • Gudej, Jan (Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul., Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of dz, ul.) ;
  • Tomczyk, Michal (Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul.)
  • Published : 2004.11.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper describes the quantitative determination of flavonoids, tannins and ellagic acid in the leaves from wild and cultivated variations of Rubus L. species (Rosaceae): raspberry (2 wild and 13 cultivars) and blackberry (3 wild and 3 cultivars). The content of flavonoids was analyzed using spectrophotometric (the Christ-M llers method) and HPLC analysis after acid hydrolysis. The content of tannins was determined by the weight method, with hide powder, described by German Pharmacopoeia 10 (DAB 10). Ellagic acid content was examined using the HPLC method after acid hydrolysis. Flavonoid content, determined using the Christ-Muller's method was higher for the blackberry leaves than for the raspberry leaves and varied between 0.46% and 1.05%. Quercetin and kaempferol were predominant in all samples analyzed using the HPLC method. The highest flavonoid content was found in the leaves of R. nessensis (1.06%); with results in all of the examined samples varying between 0.27% and 1.06%. The concentration of ellagic acid in all species was determined after acid hydrolysis and ranged from 2.06% to 6.89%. The leaves of raspberries are characterized by greater amounts of tannins (varying between 2.62% and 6.87%) than the leaves of other species. The results from this study indicate that the analyzed species are a rich source of flavonoids, ellagic acid and tannins, which may be used for the quality assessment of Rubus L. species leaves.

Keywords

References

  1. Alice, L. A. and Campbell, Ch. S., Phylogeny of Rubus (Rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences. Am. J. Bot., 86, 81-97 (1999) https://doi.org/10.2307/2656957
  2. Amakura, Y., Okada, M., Tsuji, S., and Tonogai, Y., High-performance liquid chromatographic determination with photodiode array detection of ellagic acid in fresh and processed fruits. J. Chromatogr. A, 896, 87-93 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00414-3
  3. Barch, D. H., Rundhaugen, L. M., Stoner, G. D., Pillay, N. S., and Rosche, W. A., Structure-function relationships of the dietary anticarcinogen ellagic acid. Carcinogenesis, 17, 265-269 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/17.2.265
  4. Borkowski, B., Lutomski, J., Skrzydlewska, E., and Zygmunt, B., Rosliny lecznicze w fitoterapii, IRiPZ, Poznan pp. 470-471(1994)
  5. Burn, J. H. and Withell, E. R., A principle in raspberry leaves which relaxes uterine muscle. Lancet, 5, 1-3 (1941) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)91208-0
  6. Christ, B. and Muller, K. H., Determination of the amount of flavonol derivatives in drugs. Arch. Pharm., 293, 1033-1042 (1960) https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.19602931202
  7. Czygan, F. Ch., Die Himbeere-Rubus idaeus L. Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. Z. Phytother., 16, 366-374 (1995)
  8. DAB 10 Deutsches Arzeneibuch, Amtliche Ausgabe, Deutcher Apotheker Verlag, Stuttgart p. 197 (1998)
  9. Gudej, J., Kaempferol and quercetin glycosides from Rubus idaeus L. leaves. Acta Polon. Pharm., 60, 313-316 (2003)
  10. Gudej, J. and Rychlinska, I., Flavonoid compounds from the leaves of Rubus idaeus L. Herba Pol., 42, 257-261 (1996)
  11. Gudej, J., Tomczyk, M., Urban, E., and Tomczykowa, M., Analysis of chemical composition of Rubus saxatilis L. leaves. Herba Pol., 44, 340-344 (1998)
  12. Gwozdecki, J., Zeszyty pomologiczne, and Malina i Jezyna. Instytutu Sadownictwa i Kwiaciarstwa, Skierniewice pp. 5-53 (1996)
  13. Hakkinen, S., Heinonen, M., Karenlampi, S., Mykkanen, H., Ruuskanen, J., and Torronen, R., Screening of selected flavonoids and phenolic acids in 19 berries. Food Res. Int., 32, 345-353 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(99)00095-2
  14. Hakkinen, S. H., Karenlarnpi, S. O., Mykkanen, H. M., Heinonen, I. M., and Torronen, A. R., Ellagic acid content in berries: influence of domestic processing and storage. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 212, 75-80 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170000184
  15. Havsteen, B., The biochemistry and medical significance of flavonoids. Pharmacol. Therap., 96, 67-202 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00298-X
  16. Heslop-Harrison, Y., Rubus L. In: Tutin TG et al. (eds.) Flora Europaea. Vol. II, Cambridge University Press p. 7-25 (1968)
  17. Krawczyk, A., Thiem, B., and Szkudlarek, M., High-performance liquid chromatography of ellagic acid from the leaves of Rubus chamaemorus L. Chem. Anal. (Warsaw), 48, 891-899 (2003)
  18. Krzaczek, T., Phenolic acids in some tannin drugs of the Rosaceae family. Farm. Pol., 40, 475-477 (1984)
  19. Marczal, G., Qualitative studies of the tannin content of Rubus idaeus leaf. Herb. Hung., 2, 347-357 (1963)
  20. Mullen, W., McGinn, J., Lean, M. E. J., MacLean, M. R., Gardner, P., Duthie, G. G., Yokota, T., and Crozier, A., Ellagitannins, flavonoids, and other phenolics in red raspberries and their contribution to antioxidant capacity and vasorelaxation properties. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 5191-5196 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020140n
  21. Okuda, T., Yoshida, T., Hatano, T., Iwasaki, M., Kubo, M., Orime, T., Yoshizaki, M., and Naruhashi, N., Hydrolysable tannins as chemotaxonomic markers in the Rosaceae. Phytochemistry, 31, 3091-3096 (1992) https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83451-4
  22. Olszewska, M., Glowacki, R., Wolbioe, M., and Bald, E., Quantitative determination of flavonoids in the flowers and leaves of Prunus spinosa L. Acta Polan. Pharm., 58, 199-203 (2001)
  23. Ozarowski, A., and Jaroniewski, W., Rooeliny lecznicze i ich praktyczne zastosowanie, IWZZ, Warszawa pp. 184, 243 (1989)
  24. Patel, A. V., Rojas-Vera, J., and Dacke, C. G., Therapeutic constituents and actions of Rubus species. Curr. Med. Chem., 11, 1501-1512 (2004) https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867043365143
  25. Polish Pharmacopoeia VI, Polish Pharmaceutical Society(eds.), Warszawa p. 150 (2002)
  26. Priyadarsini, K. I., Khopde, S. M., Kumar, S. S., and Mohan, H., Free radical studies of ellagic acid, a natural phenolic antioxidant. J. Agric. Food Chem., 50, 2200-2206 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf011275g
  27. Robbers, J. E., and Tyler, V. E., In: Tyler's Herbs of choice: the therapeutic use of phytomedicinals, The Haworth Herbal Press, New York-London pp. 63-64, 194-195 (1999)
  28. Rojas-Vera, J., Patel, A. V., and Dacke, C. G., Relaxant activity of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) leaf extract in guinea-pig ileum in vitro. Phytother. Res., 16, 665-668 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1040
  29. Rommel, A. and Wrolstad, R. E., Ellagic acid content of red raspberry juice as influenced by cultivar, processing and environmental factors. J. Agric. Food Chem., 41, 1951-1960 (1993) https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00035a026
  30. Shepherd, T., Robertson, G. W., Griffiths, D. W., and Birch, A. N. E., Epicuticular wax ester and triacylglycerol composition in relation to aphid infestation and resistance in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Phytochemistry, 50, 1255-1267 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00651-7
  31. Simpson, M., Parsons, M., Greenwood, J., and Wade, K., Raspberry leaf in pregnancy: its safety and efficacy in labor. J. Midwifery Womens Health, 46, 51-59 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S1526-9523(01)00095-2
  32. Sticher, O., Quality of Ginkgo preparations. Planta Med., 59, 2-11(1993) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-959593
  33. Thiem, B. and Gooslinska, O., Antimicrobial activity of Rubus chamaemorus leaves. Fitoterapia, 75, 93-95 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2003.08.014
  34. Tomczyk, M. and Gudej, J., Quantitative analysis of flavonoids in the flowers and leaves of Ficaria verna Huds. Z. Naturforsch., 58c, 762-764 (2003)
  35. Wojcik, E., Phytochemical investigation of Rubus plicatus blackberry. Acta Polon. Pharm., 46, 386-390 (1989)
  36. Daniel, E. M., Krupnick, A. S., Heur, Y. H., Blinzler, J. A., Nims, R. W., and Stoner, G. D., Extraction, stability and quantitation of ellagic acid in various fruits and nuts. J. Food Comp. Anal., 2, 338-349 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-1575(89)90005-7