식도 편평세포암에시 Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 $\alpha$의 발현: 예후와 종양표지자와의 상관성

Expression of Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 $\alpha$ in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Relationship to Prognosis and Tumor Biomarkers

  • 양일종 (고신대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실) ;
  • 김종인 (고신대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교) ;
  • 이해영 (고신대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교) ;
  • 천봉권 (고신대학교 의과대학 병리학교) ;
  • 조성래 (고신대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실)
  • 발행 : 2004.08.01

초록

배경: 악성종양에서 신생혈관 생성 및 당분해의 증가는 저산소 상태의 미세환경을 나타내며, 이는 종양의 침습성, 전이 등으로 환자의 예후와 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1)는 당원 수송체, 당분해 효소, 혈관내피세포 성장인자 등의 유전자의 전사를 활성화한다고 알려져 있다. 그리고 HIF-1의 전사 활성도는 HIF-1 a subunit의 표현이 조절되는 정도에 의존한다. 그러나 식도암에서 HIF-1의 발현과 혈관 생성능 및 종양세포 증식능과의 관계 및 예후에 관한 연구는 전무하다. 대상 및 방법: 고신대학교 의과대학 흉부외과학교실에서 1995년부터 2000년까지 수술치험한 77예의 식도 편평세포암 환자의 조직에서 채취한 정상 편평상피와 암조직에서 면역조직화학검사를 이용하여 HIF-1 a의 발현을 조사하고 혈관생성인자, 증식지수, p53 단백과의 상관관계, 임상-병리학적인 인자 및 생존율과의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 결과: HIF-1 a의 고발현율은 42.9% (33예/77예)였다. HIF-1 a의 고발현은 조직학적 등급(p=0.032), 병리학적 병기(p=0.002), 종양 침윤의 깊이(p=0.022), 주위 림프절 전이(p=0.002), 원격전이(p=0.049), 림프관 침윤(p=0.004)과 관련이 있었다. HIF-1 a의 고발현은 혈관내피세포 성장인자의 발현, Ki-67 증식지수와 관련이 있었으나, 미세혈관수와는 관련이 없었고, p53의 발현과는 관련이 있는 경향을 보였다. 단변량분석과 다변량분석에서 HIF-1 a의 고발현은 불량한 예후를 나타내는 인자로 보였다. 결론: 식도 편평세포암 조직에서 HIF-1 a의 발현은 종양조직내 신생혈관의 생성과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 고발현 된 경우는 림프절 전이와 수술 후 불량한 예후를 나타내었으므로 보다 강화된 치료전략이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Background: Tissue hypoxia is a characteristic of many human malignant neoplasms, and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) plays a pivotal role in essential adaptive response to hypoxia, and activates a signal pathway for the expression of the hypoxia-regulated genes, resulting in increased oxygen delivery or facilitating metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Increased level of HIF-1 a has been reported in many human malignancies, but in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, the influence of HIF-1 a on tumor biology, including neovascularization, is not still defined. Material and Method: The influence of HIF-1 a expression on angiogenic factors, correlation between the tumor proliferation and HIF-1 a expression, interaction of HIF-1 a expression and p53, and correlation between HIF-1 a expression and clinicopathological prognostic parameters were investigated, using immunohistochemical stains for HIF-1 a, VEGF, CD34, p53, and Ki-67 on 77 cases of resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Result: HIF-1 a expression in cancer cells was found in 33 of 77 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases. The 33 cases (42.9%) showed positive stain for HIF-1 a. High HIF-1 a expression was significantly associated with several pathological parameters, such as histologic grade (p=0.032), pathological TMN stage (p=0.002), the depth of tumor invasion (p=0.022), regional lymph node metastasis (p=0.002), distant metastasis (p=0.049), and lymphatic invasion (p=0.004). High HIF-1 a expression had significant VEGF immunoreactivity (p=0.008) and Ki-67 labeling index (p<0.001), but was not correlated with microvascular density within tumors (p=0.088). The high HIF-1 a expression was correlated with aberrant p53 accumulation with a marginal significance (p=0.056). The overall 5-year survival rate was 34.9%. The survival rate of patients with a high HIF-1 a expression was worse than that of patients with low-expression tumors (log-rank test, p=0.0001). High HIF-1 a expression was independent unfavorable factors although statistical significance is marginal in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: It is suggested that (1) high HIF-1 a expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with tumor hypoxia, or with genetic alteration in early carcinogenesis and progressive stages, (2) high HIF-1 a expression may be associated with intratumoral neovascularization through HIF-VEGF pathway, and (3) high HIF-1 a expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and may playa role as biomarker for regional lymph node metastasis.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Trends Biochem Sci v.24 Oncogenic alteration of metabolism Dang CV;Semenza GL https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01344-9
  2. J Biol Chem v.275 Reactive oxygen species generated at mitochodrial complex Ⅲ stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha during hypoxia:a mechanism of O2 sensing Chandel NS;McClintock DS;Feliciano CE(et al.) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M001914200
  3. Am J Physiol v.275 no.4 Temporal, spatial, and oxygen-regulated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the lung Yu AY;Frid MG;Shimoda LA;Wiener CM;Stenmark K;Semenza GL https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.3.C818
  4. Mol Cell Biol v.16 Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 Forsythe JA;Jiang BH;Iyer NV(et al.) https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.16.9.4604
  5. Circ Res v.86 Hypoxic regulation of inducible nitric oxide, synthase via hypoxia inducible factor-1 in cardiac myocytes Jung F;Palmer LA;Zhou N;Johns RA https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.86.3.319
  6. J Biol Chem v.270 Purification and characerizaion of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 Wang GL;Semenze GL https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.3.1230
  7. Blood v.92 Induction of endothelial PAS domain protein-1by hypoxia:characterization and comparison with hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha Wiesener MS;Turley H.;Allen WE(et al.)
  8. Cancer Res v.62 Hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha in head and neck cancer: relationship to tumor biology and treatment outcome in surgically resected patients Beasley NJ;Leek R;Alam M;Turley H;Cox GJ;Gatter K
  9. Br J Cancer v.85 Relation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha and 2 alpha in operable non-small cell lung cancer to angiogenic/molecular profile of tumors and survival Giatromanolaki A;Koukourakis MI;Sivridis E(et al.) https://doi.org/10.1054/bjoc.2001.2018
  10. Cancer Res v.60 Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha is a marker for an unfavorable prognosis in earlystage invasive cervical cancer Birner P;Schindl M;Obernair A;Plank C;Breitenecker G;Oberhuber G
  11. Cancer Res v.61 Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1a and HIF-2a)expression in early esophageal cancer and response to photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy Koukourakis MI;Giatromanolaki A;Skarlatos J(et al.)
  12. Cancer Res v.59 Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in common human cancers and their metastases Zhong H;De Marzo,A,M.;Laughner E;Lim M;Hilton DA;Zagzag D
  13. Am J Pathol v.157 The expression and distribution of the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1 alpha and HIF-2 alpha in normal human tissues, cancers, and tumor-associated macrophages Talks KL;Turley H;Gatter KC(et al.) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64554-3
  14. J Biol Chem v.274 Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1 alpha by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway Kallio PJ;Wilson WJ;O'Brien S;Makino Y;Poellinger L https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.10.6519
  15. Cancer Res v.59 Reciprocal positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and insulin-like growth factor 2 Feldser D;Agani F;Iyern NV;Pak B;Ferreira G;Semenza,G.L.
  16. Cnacer Res v.60 Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha expression by the epidermal growth factor /phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTEN/AKT/FRAP pathway in human postate cancer cells:implications for tumor angiogenesis and therapeutics Zhong H;Chiles K;Feldser D(et al.)
  17. Cancer Res v.57 V-SRC induces expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) and transcription of genes encoding vascular endothelial growth factor and enolase:1:involvement of HIF-1 in tumor progression Jiang BH.;Agani F;Passaniti A;Semenza GL
  18. J Natl Cancer Inst v.93 Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha during breast carcinogenesis Bos R;Zhong H;Hanraha CF(et al.) https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/93.4.309
  19. World J Surg v.27 Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor as a prognostic factor in node-positive squamous cell carcinoma in the thoracic esophagus: long-term follow-up study Ogata Y;Fujita H;Yamana H;Sueyoshi S;Shirouzu K https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-003-6866-2
  20. Cancer Res v.61 Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha: a novel predictive and prognostic parameter in the radiotherapy of oropharyngeal cancer Aebersold DM;Burri P;Beer KT(et al.)
  21. Int J Oncol v.17 TGF-alpha as well as VEGF, PD-ECGF and bFGF contribute to angiogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma Li Z;Shimada Y;Uchida S(et al.)
  22. Am J Gastroenterol v.96 Coexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and p53 protein in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus Koide N;Nishio A;Hiraguri M;Hanazaki K;Adachi W;Amano J https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03866.x
  23. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys v.53 Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1A and HIF2A), angiogenesis and chamoradiotherapy outcome of squamous cell head-and-neck cancer Koukourakis MI;Giatromanolaki A;Sivridis E(et al.) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(02)02848-1
  24. J Korean Med Sci v.17 Clinical prognostic values of vascular endothelial growth factor, microvessel density, and p53 expression in esophageal carcinomas Ahn,M.J.;Jang,S.J.;Park,Y.W.(et al.) https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2002.17.2.201
  25. Br J Cancer v.86 Expression of angiogenic factors predicts response to chemoradiotherapy and prognosis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma Shimada H;Hoshino T;Okazumi S;Matsubara H;Funami Y https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600129