실내환경의 환경성담배연기(ETS) 중 카드뮴에 관한 연구

Cadmium Concentrations in Environmental Tobacco Smoke of Indoor Environments

  • 하권철 (창원대학교 보건.생화학과) ;
  • 박동욱 (한국방송대학교 환경보건학과) ;
  • 윤충식 (대구가톨릭대학교 산업보건학과)
  • Ha, Kwon Chul (Department of Health Science & Biochemistry, Changwon National University) ;
  • Park, Dong-Uk (Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University) ;
  • Yoon, Chung Sik (Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu)
  • 투고 : 2003.04.30
  • 심사 : 2003.07.24
  • 발행 : 2003.08.25

초록

실내 사무환경에 대해 흡연환경에 따라 흡연실, 흡연 허용 사무실, 비흡연사무실, 흡연실 인접 지역 등을 대상으로 ETS 중 발암물질인 카드뮴을 포함한 금속류, 니코틴, 3-EP, 호흡성먼지등 지표물질의 농도분포와 이의 분포에 영향을 주는 흡연밀도, 흡연지수 등을 조사하여 그 상관성을 파악하였다. 공기교환횟수는 흡연실과 흡연허용사무실에서 각각 평균 11.1, 4.6 회/시간을 나타냈으며, 흡연밀도는 최고 $2.6cig/m^2{\cdot}hr$에서부터 최저 $0.2cig/m^2{\cdot}hr$로 나타났다. 금속류 중 카드뮴은 기하정규분포를 보였으며 흡연환경별 기하평균 농도가 흡연실에서 $0.045{\mu}g/m^3$, 흡연실 인근 지역에서 $0.018{\mu}g/m^3$, 흡연허용사무실에서 $0.021{\mu}g/m^3$, 비흡연사무실에서는 $0.017{\mu}g/m^3$의 분포를 보였으며 통계적으로는 유의한 차이를 나타냈다(p<0.05). 실내 흡연 환경에 따른 카드뮴의 농도 비를 조사한 결과 비흡연실 기준으로 흡연실에서 2.6배, 흡연허용사무실에서 1.2배의 농도 분포를 보였다. 카드뮴과 지표물질간 상관성을 조사한 결과 니코틴과의 상관계수가 0.53 (p<0.001)으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 호흡성먼지와는 0.43, 3-EP와는 가장 낮은 0.41의 상관계수 값을 보였으며, 흡연 밀도와는 0.54 (P<0.001), 흡연지수와는 0.63(p<0.001)의 상관계수 값을 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 ETS 중 중금속류에서는 카드뮴을 지표물질로 활용할 수 있다고 판단할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate cadmium concentrations among metals in ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) of indoor environments and to evaluate the cadmium as a marker of ETS. The correlations of cadmium concentrations and nicotine, 3-EP, RSP, SD (Smoking Density), and SI (Smoking Index). Air samples of metals, nicotine, 3-EP, and RSP were taken in smoking room, smoking allowed office, corridor outside smoking room, and non-smoking office respectively. The SD, ACH, and SI were investigated during sampling. Airborne concentration of cadmium known as human carcinogen were qualified and quantified. The SD was 0.2 to $2.6cig/m^2{\cdot}hr$, and the mean value of SD in smoking rooms was $1.2cig/m^2{\cdot}hr$ that is higher than other researches. The mean of ACH in smoking rooms was 11.1. The concentrations of cadmium showed log-normal distributions and the geometric mean concentrations of cadmium in smoking rooms, corridor outside smoking rooms, smoking allowed offices, and non-smoking offices were $0.045{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.018{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.021{\mu}g/m^3$, and $0.017{\mu}g/m^3$ respectively. The concentrations of cadmium in smoking room showed significant difference according to category of indoor office environments (p<0.05) and showed compliance with occupational exposure limits. The correlation coefficients between cadmium and nicotine, 3-EP, and RSP were 0.53, 0.41, 0.43 respectively. The cadmium among metals showed the highest correlations (r=0.63) with SI. It was recommended cadmium among metals is a good indicator for ETS.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH), Current Intelligence Bulletin 54: Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace - Lung Cancer and Other Health Effects. NIOSH Publication No. 91-108(1991).
  2. US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Disorders. Washington DC, US Environment Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, EPA/600/ 6-90/006F(1992).
  3. Environment Protection Agency(EPA), http://www.epa.Gov/iaq/ets.html. ETS(1999).
  4. J. L. Repace, A. H. Lowery, Indoor Air Pollution, Tobacco Smoke, and Public Health. Science 208:464(1980).
  5. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences Report: Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Measuring Exposure and Assessing Health Effect : GPO : Washington, DC(1986).
  6. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Monographs on Overall Evaluation of the Carcinogenicity to Humans : an updating of IARC Monographs(1997).
  7. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists(ACGIH), Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices(2003).
  8. L. C. Holcomb, Concentration and Exposure, Environ. Int., 19:9-40(1993).
  9. H. S. Loh, C. W. Wilson, Lancet 26(1):491(1972).
  10. K. Kalcher, W. Kern, R. Pietsch, Sci Total Environ., 128(1);21-35(1993).
  11. 박현미, 환경성담배연기(ETS)에 의해 발생하는 중금속에 관한 연구, 서울대 보건대학원석사학위 논문(2000).
  12. National Institute for Occupational Safety Health(NIOSH), Manual of Analytical methods, 4th ed, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease control and Prevention, NIOSH(1994).
  13. G. Scherer, H. Barkemeyer, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 7(1): 71-8(1983).
  14. G. Bertoni, V. D. Palo, R. Tappa, M. G. Bertoni, V. D. Palo, Chromatographia, 43: 296-300(1996).
  15. J. T. Jankovic, R. Ihle, D. O. Vick, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 57:756-759(1996).
  16. S. Turner, L. Cyr, A. J. Cross, Env. International, 18:19-28(1992).
  17. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE), ASHRAE 62-1989: Standards for Acceptable IAQ, ASHRAE(1989).
  18. D. Wu, S. Landsberger, S. M. Larson, Envron. Sci. Technol., 29:2311-2316(1995).
  19. B. P. Leaderer, K. Hammond, Environ. Sci. Technol., 25:770-777(1991).
  20. D. B. Coaltas, J. M. Samet, J. F. Mccarthy, Am. Rev Respir. Dis. 142:602-606(1990).
  21. R. J. Rando, P. K. Menon, H. G. Poovey, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 53(11):699-704(1992).