Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology

The Korean Society of Environmental Health and Toxicology (환경독성보건학회)
권호 표지

Estimating Human Exposure to Benzo(a)pyrene through Multimedia/Multiroute Exposure Scenario

다매체/다경로 노출을 고려한 benzo(a)pyrene의 총 인체 노출량 예측

  • 문지영 (연세대학교 보건대학원 환경보건학과) ;
  • 양지연 (연세대학교 환경공해연구소) ;
  • 임영욱 (서남대학교 환경보건학과) ;
  • 박성은 (㈜엔바이오니아) ;
  • 신동천 (연세대학교 환경공해연구소)
  • Published : 2003.12.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to estimate human exposure to benzo (a)pyrene through multimedia/multi-pathway exposure scenario. The human exposure scenario for benzo(a)pyrene was consisted of 12 multiple exposure pathways, and the multipathway human exposure model based on this scenario constituted. In this study, the multipathway human exposure model was used to estimate the concentrations in the exposure contact media, human intake factors and lifetime average daily dose (LAD $D_{model}$) of benzo(a)pyrene in the environment. Sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the important parameters and Monte-Carlo simulation was undertaken to examine the uncertainty of the model. The total LAD $D_{model}$ was estimated to be 5.52${\times}$10$^{-7}$ mg/kg-day (2.06${\times}$10$^{-7}$ -8.65${\times}$10$^{-7}$ mg/kg-day) using the multipathway human exposure model. The inhalation dose accounted for 78% of the total LADD, whereas ingestion and dermal contact intake accounted for 20.2% and 1.8% of the total exposure, respectively. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the most significant contributing input parameter was benzo (a)pyrene concentration of ambient air. Consequently, exposure via inhalation in outdoor/indoor air was the highest compared with the exposure via other medium/pathways.

Keywords

References

  1. 김성천, 이태정, 김동술. 수원지역 PM-10 중 다환방향족 탄화수소의 농도 변화에 관한 연구, 한국대기보전학회지 1996; 12(3): 341-350
  2. 보건복지부. Korea, Food Code, 1997
  3. 서울대 환경대학원. 환경오염물질의 위해성 통합평가 및 시스템 개발 : 다중경로 노출량의 추정을 위한 유해오염물질의 다매체 동태 예측모형 개발, 중간보고서. 환경부, 2001
  4. 연세대 환경공해연구소. 환경오염물질의 위해성평가 및 관리기술 : 수질오염물질의 위해성평가 및 관리기술. 환경부, 1996
  5. 연세대 환경공해연구소. 환경오염물질의 위해성평가 및 관리기술 : 대기오염물질의 위해성평가 및 시스템 개발. 환경부, 1999
  6. 연세대 환경공해연구소. 환경오염물질의 위해성평가 및 관리기술 : 환경오염물질의 위해성 통합평가 및 시스템 개발. 환경부, 2001
  7. Amagai T, Takahashi Y, Matsushita H, et al. A survey on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soil in Chiang-mai, Thailand, Environment International 1999; 25(5): 563-572 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(99)00026-4
  8. Baghurst PA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hetero-cyclic aromatic amines in the diet: the role of red meat, Eur. J. Cancer Res. 1999; 8: 193-199 https://doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199906000-00006
  9. Brown HS, Bishop DR and Rowan CA. The role of skin absorption as a route of exposure for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking water. American Journal of Public Health 1984; 74(5): 479-484 https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.74.5.479
  10. Butler JD and Crossley P. An appraisal of relative airborne suburban concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons monitored indoors and outdoors, Sci. Total Environ. 1979; 11: 53-58 https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(79)90032-9
  11. Collins JF, Brown JP, Dawson SV and Marty MA. Risk assessment for benzo(a)pyrene, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 1991; 13: 170-184 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(91)90020-V
  12. Hattemer-Frey HA and Travis CC. Benzo-a-pyrene: envi-ronmental partitioning and human exposure, Toxicology and Industrial Health 1991; 7(3): 141-157 https://doi.org/10.1177/074823379100700303
  13. IARC. lARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans Polynuclear Aromatic compounds. part 1. vol 32. Lyon, France, 1983
  14. Kazerouni N, Sinha R, Hsu CH, et al. Anaysis of 200 food items for benzo(a)pyrene and estimation of its intake in an epidemiology study, Food and Chemical Toxicology 2001; 39: 423-436 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00158-7
  15. Knizie MG, Salmon CP, Pais P and Felton JS. Food heating and the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mutagens/carcinogens. In impact of processing on food safety (Jackson et al., Eds.). Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, 1999
  16. KOSIS. Korean Statistical Information Sytem, 1995
  17. KOSIS. Korean Statistical Information Sytem, 2000
  18. KOSIS. Korean Statistical Information Sytem, 2001
  19. Lee YA. Fate and transport of dioxin as predicted by a mul-timedia model in Seoul metropolitan area. Dept. Envi-ronmental Planning Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, 1999
  20. Lioy PJ, Waldman JM and Greenberg A. et al. The total human Environmental Exposure Study (THESS) to benzo(a)pyrene : comparison of the inhalation and food pathways, Archives Environmental Health 1998; 43(4): 304-312
  21. McKone TE and Bogen KT. Uncertainties in health-risk assessment: an integrated case study based on tetrachlo-roethylene in California groundwater, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 1992; 15: 86-103 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(92)90087-P
  22. McKone TE. Human exposure to voiatile organic compounds in household tap water: The indoor inhalation pathway, Environmental Science & Technology 1987; 21
  23. Odabasi M, Vardar N, Sofuoglu A, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chicago air, The Science of the Total Environment 1999: 227: 57-67 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00004-2
  24. Seoul Metropolitan Police Administration, 1999
  25. Sexton K, Kleffman DE and Callahan MA. An introduction to the national human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS) and related phase I field studies, J. Exposure Analysis and Environmnental Epidemiology 1995; 5(3): 229-232
  26. US EPA. CalTOX : A multimedia total exposure model for hazardous waste site-Technical Report. EPA-California, 1996b
  27. US EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook Final Report, Report No. EPA 600/8-89/043. Office of Health and Environ-mental Assessment, Washington DC., 1989b
  28. US EPA. Exposure factors handbook. volume I. General factors. EPA-ORD. EPA/PB98-124255. Washington DC., 1997
  29. US EPA. Further Issues for Modeling the Indirect Exposure Impacts from Combustor Emission, Memorandum from M. Lorber and G. Rice, Office of Research and Devel-opment, Washington, DC., 1995a
  30. US EPA. Human exposure model-II: User guide. EPA-Research Triangle Park, North Carolina., 1992b
  31. US EPA. Human Health Evaluation Manual Supplemental Guidance: Standard Default Exposure Factors. OSWER Directive 9285.6-03. Office of Solid Waste and Emer-gency Response. Washington, DC., 1991
  32. US EPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume I. Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). EOA-Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, EPA/540/1-89/002. Washington DC., 1989a
  33. Voutsa D and Samara C. Dietary intake of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via vegetables grown in an industrial Greek area. The Science of the Total Environment 1998; 218: 203-216 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00206-X
  34. Yaffe D, Cohen Y, Arey J, et al. Multimedia analysis of PAHs and Nitro-PAH daughter products in the Los Angeles Basin, Risk Analysis 2001; 21 (2): 275-294 https://doi.org/10.1111/0272-4332.212111
  35. Yang JY, Shin DC, Park SE, et al. PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs concentrations in breast milk from two areas in Korea: body burden of mothers and implications for feeding infants, Chemosphere 2002; 46(3): 419-428 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00109-6