Fat intake and breast cancer: a review

  • Cho, Eun-Young (Channing Laboratory, Dept. of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women′s Hospital)
  • Published : 2003.12.01

Abstract

The relationship between fat intake and breast cancer has been debated for a long period of time. Animal, ecological, and case-control studies have supported that dietary fat increases breast cancer risk. However, cohort studies have not support any strong association between dietary fat intake and breast cancer risk. It has not been clear whether fat per se or some specific type of fat is responsible for the increased risk. Recently, a few cohort studies have found some positive association between specific types of fat intake, but not overall fat intake and breast cancer risk. In this review, the findings from previous studies will be summarized with advantages and disadvantages of different types of study design and recent findings will be introduced.

Keywords

References

  1. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: American Institutue for Cancer Research; 1997
  2. Tannenbaum A, Silverstone H. Nutrition in relation to cancer. Adv Cancer Res 1953;1: 451-501 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60009-3
  3. Howe GR, Hirohata T, Hislop TG, lscovich JM, Yuan JM, Katsouyanni K, et al. Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. J Natl Cancer lnst 1990;82:561-9 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.7.561
  4. Fay MP, Freedman LS, Clifford CK, Midthune DN. Effect of different types and amounts of fat on the development of mammary tumors in rodents: a review. Cancer Res 1997;57:3979-88
  5. Smith-Wamer SA, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, et al. Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer 2001;92:767-74 https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<767::AID-IJC1247>3.0.CO;2-0
  6. Wu AH, Pike MC, Stram DO. Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer lnst 1999;91 :529-34 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.6.529
  7. Holmes MD, Schisterman EF, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Willett WC. Re: Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer lnst 1999;91:1511-2 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.17.1511
  8. Holmes MD, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hunter DJ, Barbieri RL, et al. Dietary fat intake and endogenous sex steroid hormone levels in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:3668-76 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.21.3668
  9. Fay MP, Freedman LS. Meta-analyses of dietary fats and mammary neoplasms in rodent experiments. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997;46:215-23 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005927503865
  10. Boyd NF, Stone J, Vogt KN, Connelly BS, Martin LJ, Minkin S. Dietary fat and breast cancer risk revisited: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Br J Cancer 2003;89: 1672-85 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601314
  11. Buell P. Changing incidence of breast cancer in Japanese-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973;51:1479-83 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/51.5.1479
  12. Adelstein AM, Staszewski J, Muir CS. Cancer mortality in 1970-1972 among Polish-born migrants to England and Wales. Br J Cancer 1979;40:464-75 https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1979.202
  13. Hems G. The contributions of diet and childbearing to breast cancer rates. Br J Cancer 1978;37:974-82 https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1978.142
  14. Boyd NF, Martin LJ, Noffel M, Lockwood GA, Tritchler DL. A meta-analysis of studies of dietary fat and breast cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1993;68:627-36 https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1993.398
  15. Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, Beeson L, van den Brandt PA, Folsom AR, et al. Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer--a pooled analysis. N Engl J Med 1996;334:356-61 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199602083340603
  16. Huang Z, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, et al. Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 278:1407-11 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.17.1407
  17. Miller AB, Howe GR, Sherman GJ, Lindsay JP, Yaffe MJ, Dinner PJ, et al. Mortality from breast cancer after irradiation during fluoroscopic examinations in patients being treated for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1285-9 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198911093211902
  18. Colditz G, Frazier A. Models of breast cancer show that risk is set by events of early life: prevention efforts must shift focus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995;4:567-71
  19. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Chen WY, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95: 1079-85 https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/95.14.1079
  20. Willett WC, Starnpfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 1990;323: 1664-72 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199012133232404
  21. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 1994;54:2390-7
  22. Outwater JL, Nicholson A, Bamard N. Dairy products and breast cancer: the IGF-I, estrogen, and bGH hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1997;48:453-61 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9877(97)90110-9
  23. Bingham SA, Luben R, Welch A, Wareham N, Khaw KT, Day N. Are imprecise methods obscuring a relation between fat and breast cancer? Lancet 2003;362:212-4