References
- Ammar, E.D. 1973. Factors related to the two wing forms in lavesella pellucida (FAB.) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) J. Ang. Ent. 74: 211-216 (Cited from Roff, 1986)
- Anderson, N.M. 1973. Seasonal polymorphism and developmental changes in organs of flight and reproduction in bivoltine pondskaters, (Hem. Gerridae). Entomol. Scand. 4: 1-20 https://doi.org/10.1163/187631273X00011
- Aukema, B. 1990. Wing-length determination in two wing-dimorphic Calathus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Hereditas 113: 189-202 (Cited from Fujisaki, 1994) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1990.tb00084.x
- Carter, A. 1976. Wing polymorphism in insect species, Agonum retractum Leconte. (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Can. J. Zool. 54: 1375-1382 https://doi.org/10.1139/z76-155
- Caswell, G.H. 1960. Observation on the abnormal form of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Bull. Entomol. Res. 50: 671-680 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300054705
- Crespi, B.J. 1988. Adaptation, compromise, and constraint: the development, morphometries, and behavioural basis of a fighter-flier polymorphism in male Hoplothrips karnyi (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23: 93-104 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00299892
- Crnokrak, P. and D.A. Roff. 1995. Fitness differences associated with calling behavior in the two wing morphs of male sand Crickets, Gryllusfirmus. Anim. Behav. 50: 1475-1481 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80004-2
- Denno, R.F., G.K. Roderick, K.L. Olmstead and H.G. Dobel. 1991. Density-related migration in planthopper (Homopera: Delphacidae): The role of habitat persistence. The Amer. Nat. 138: 1513-1541 https://doi.org/10.1086/285298
- Denno, R.F. 1994. The evolution of dispersal polymorphisms in insects. The influence of habitats, host plants, and mates. Res. Popul. Ecol. 36: 127-135 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02514927
- Dingle, H. 1966. Some factors effecting flight activity in individual milk weed bugs (Oncopeltus). J. Exp. BioI. 44: 335-343 (Cited from Roff and Fairbairn, 1991)
- Dingle, H. and G. Arora. 1973. Experimental studies of migratory in bugs of the genus, Dysdercus. Oecologia 12: 119-140 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00345512
- Dixon, A.F.G. and S.D. Wratten. 1971. Laboratory studies on aggregation, size and fecundity in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop. Bull. Entomol. Res. 61: 97-111 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300057485
- Dixon, A.F.G., S. Horth and P. Kindlmann. 1993. Migration in insects: cost and strategies. J. Anim. Ecol. 62: 182-190 https://doi.org/10.2307/5492
- Fairbairn, D.J. and T.C. Butler. 1990. Correlated traits for migration in the Gerridae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) : a field test. Ecological Entomology 15: 131-142 I Cited from Fujisaki 1994) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1990.tb00794.x
- Fairbrairn, D.J. and D.A. Roff. 1990. Genetic correlations among traits determining migratory tendency in the sand cricket, Gryllusfinnus. Evolution 44: 1787-1795 https://doi.org/10.2307/2409507
- Fugisaki, K. 1994. Adaptive significance and Evolution of dispersal polymorphisms in insect. Gazette in Agri. Sci. Okayama University 83: 113-132 (In Japanese with English summary)
- Fujisaki, K. 1989. Wing from determination and sensitivity of stages to environmental factors in the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 24: 287-294
- Fujisaki, K. 1992. A male fitness advantage to wing reduction in the oriental chinch bug, Cavelcrius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Res. Popul. Ecol. 34: 173-183 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02513529
- Fujisaki, K. 1993. Genetic correlation of wing polymorphism between females and males in the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Res. Popul. Ecol. 35: 317-324 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02513603
- Fujisaki, K. 1994. Evolution of dispersal polymorphisms in insects: A close examination of RoWs theory. Jan. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 38: 231-244 (In Japanese) https://doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.38.231
- Fujisaki, K. 1996. Function and evolution of wing polymorphism. Plant Protect. 50: 211-264 (In Japanese).
- Gatehouse, A.G. 1986. Migration in the African armyworm Spodoptera exempta: genetic determination of migratory capacity and a new synthesis. In insect Flight: Dispersal and migration (W. Danthanarayana, ed.) pp. 128-144, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (Cited from Fujisaki, 1994)
- Gomi, T., T. Okuda and S. Tanaka 1995. Protein synthesis and degradation in the flight muscles of adult crickets (Gryllus bimacultus). J. Exp. BioI. 198: 1071-1077
- Hackman, W. 1966. On wing reduction and loss of wings in Lepidoptera. Notulae Entomologica 46: 1-16 (Cited from Roff,1990)
- Hamilton, W.D. and R.M. May. 1977. Dispersal in stable habitats. Nature 269: 578-581 https://doi.org/10.1038/269578a0
- Harrison, R.G. 1980. Dispersal polymorphisms in insects. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 11: 95-118 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.11.110180.000523
- Iwanaga, K., F. Nakasuji and S. Tojo. 1987. Wing polymorphism in Japanese and foreign strains of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 43: 3- I0 (Cited from Kishimoto, 1996) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350367
- Iwao, S. 1962. Studies on the phase variation and related phenomena in some lepidopterous insects. Mem. ColI. Agr., Kyoto Univ. 84: 1-80 (Cited from Fujisaki, 1994)
- Iwao, S. 1967. Phase variation in the grasshoppers and noctuidae. Plant Protect. 21: 228-237 (In Japanese).
- Iwao, S. 1967. The phase variations in locust and noctuid moth. Plant Protect. 21: 228-237 (In Japanese)
- Jackson, D.L. 1928. The inheritance of long and short wings in the weevil, Sitona hispidula, with a discussion of wing reduction among beetles. Tans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 55: 665-735 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800013351
- Jackson, D.L. 1933. Observations on the flight muscles of Sitona weevils. Ann. Appl. BioI. 20: T:,I-769 (Cited from Harrison,1980) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1933.tb07425.x
- Johnson, C.G. 1969. Migration and dispersal of insects by flight. Methuen, London
- Kimura, T. and S. Masaki. 1977. Brachypterian and seasonal adaptation in Orgyea ithyellina Butler (Lepidoptera, Lymantridae)Kontyu. 45: 97-106
- Kishimoto, R. 1965. Polymorphism in the brown planthopper and its roles in the population increase. Bull. Kyushu Agr. Exp. Sta. 13: 1-106. (In Japanese with english summary).
- Kishimoto, R. 1989. 1st Asia-Pacific conference on Entomology., Abstract. 9. (Cited from Kishimoto, 1996)
- Kishimoto, R. 1996. Wing polymorphism in planthoppers, Delphacidae, Its Diversity and Adaptive meanings. Plant Protect. 50: 255-260 (In Japanese)
- Manjunath, T.H. 1972. Biological studies on Trichogammatoidea armigera, Nagaraja, a new dimorphic egg parasite of Heliothis armigera (Hubner) in India. Entomophaga 17: 131-147 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02371125
- Mittel', C., D.J. Futuyama, J.C. Schneiderand and J.D. Hare. 1979. Genetic variation and host plant relations in a parthenogenetic moth. Evolution 33: 777-790 (Cited from Roff, 1990) https://doi.org/10.2307/2407645
- Mochida, O. 1973. The characters of the two wing-forms of lavesella pollucida (F.) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), with special reference to reproduction. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 125: 177-225
- Mole, S. and A.S. Zera. 1993. Differential allocation of resources underlies the dispersal-reproduction trade-off in the wing-dimorphic cricket, Gryllus rubens. Oecologia 93: 121-127
- Mori, K. and F. Nakasuji. 1991. Effects of day length and density on development and wing form of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellu (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Res. Popul. Ecol. 32: 279-287 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02512563
- Mori, K. and F. Nakasuji. 1991. Inheritance of body coloration in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Appl. Ent. Zool. 26: 551-555
- Morooka, N. 1992. Genetic control of wing length in the brown planthopper. Bull. Pop. Ecol. 49: 12-14 (In Japanese with English summary)
- Muraji, M. and F. Nakasuji. 1988. Comparative studies on life history traits of three wing dimorphic water bugs, Microvelia spp. Westwood (Heteroptera: Veliidae). Res. Popul. Ecol. 30: 315-327 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02513252
- Ooshiro, Y. 1981. Studies on the population dynamics of Cavelerius saccharivorus (Okajima) (Heteroptera, Lygaidae). II. Effects of temperature, day length and densities on the production of macropter. Kontsu 49: 385-389 (In Japanese with English summary)
- Parker, W.E. and A.G. Gatehouse. 1985. The effect of larval rearing conditions on flight performance in females of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bull. Ent. Res. 75: 35-47 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300014152
- Partridge, L. and P.H. Harvey. 1988. The ecological context of life history evolution. Science 241: 1449-1455 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4872.1449
- Rankin, M.A. and J.C.A. Burchsted. 1992. The cost of migration in insect. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 37: 533-559 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.002533
- Reznick, D. 1985. Costs of reproduction: an evolution of the empirical evidence. Oikos 44: 257-267 https://doi.org/10.2307/3544698
- Roderick, G.R. 1996. Geographic structure of insect populations:gene flow, phylogeography, and their uses. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 41: 325-352 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.001545
- Roff, D.A. 1986. The evolution of wing dimorphism in insects. Evolution 40: 1009-1020 https://doi.org/10.2307/2408759
- Roff, D.A. 1989. Exaptation and the evolution of de-alation in insects. J. Evol. BioI. 2: 109-123 (Cited from Fujisaki, 1994) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1989.2020109.x
- Roff, D.A. 1990. Antagonistic pleiotropy and the evolution of wing dimorphism in the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus. Heredity 65: 169-177 https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1990.85
- Roff, D.A. 1990. The evolution of flightlessness in insects. Ecological Monographs 60: 389-421 https://doi.org/10.2307/1943013
- Roff, D.A. 1994. Habitat persistence and the evolution of wing dimorphism in insects. Amer. Nat. 144: 772-798 https://doi.org/10.1086/285706
- Roff, D.A. ann D.J. Fairbairn. 1991. Wing dimorphisms and the evolution of migratory polymorphisms among the insecta. Amer. Zool. 31: 243-251
- Roff, D.A. and D.J. Fairbairn. 1993. The evolution of alternate morphologies : fitness and wing morphology in male sand crickets. Evolution 47: 1572-1584 https://doi.org/10.2307/2410168
- Rose, D.J.W. 1972. Dispersal and quality in populations of Cicadulina species (Cicadellidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 41: 589-609 https://doi.org/10.2307/3197
- Scudder, G.G .E. and J. Meredith. 1972. Temperature-induced development in the indirect flight muscle of adult Cenocorixa (Hemiptera: Corixidae). Developmental Entomology 29: 330336
- Shaw, M.J.P. 1970. Effects of population density on alienocolae of Aphis fabae Scop. I. the effect of crowding on the production ofalatae in the laboratory. Ann. Appl. BioI. 65: 191-196 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1970.tb04578.x
- Shaw, M.J.P. 1970. Effects of population density on alienocolae of Aphis fabae Scop. II. the effects of crowding on the expression of migratory urge among alatae in laboratory. Ann. Appl. BioI. 65: 197-203 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1970.tb04579.x
- Shaw, M.J.P. 1970. Effects of population density on alienoco1ae of Aphis fabae Scop. III. the effect of isolation on the development of form and behavior in a laboratory clone. Ann. Appl. BioI. 65: 205-212 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1970.tb04580.x
- Shaw, M.J.P. 1970. Effects of population density on alienocolae of Aphis fabae Scop. IV. the expression of migratory urge among alatae in the field. Ann. Appl. BioI. 74: 1-7
- Shaw, M.J.P. 1970. Effects of population density on alienocolae of Aphis fabae Scop. V. variations in size, relative wing length and numbers of antennal sensoria of field alatae. Ann. Appl. BioI. 74: 9-16
- Solbrcck, C. 1986. Wing and flight muscle polymorphism in a lygaeid bug, Horvathiolus gibbicollis: determinants and life history consequences. Ecological entomology 11: 435-444 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1986.tb00322.x
- Solbreck, C., D.B. Anderson and J. Forare. 1990. Migration and the coordination of life cycles as exemplified by 1ygaeinae bugs. In insect life cycles: Genetics, Evolution and Co-ordination (F.Gilbert, ed.), pp. 197-214, Spring-Verlag, New York (Cited from Fujisaki, 1994)
- Southwood. T.R.E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies? J. Anim. Ecol. 46: 337-365
- Statzner B., A.G. Hildrew and V.H. Resh. 2001. Species traits and environmental constraints: Entomological research and the history of ecological theory. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 46: 291-316 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.291
- Stearns, S.C. 1976. Life history tactics: A review of the ideas. Quart. Rev. BioI. 51: 3-47 https://doi.org/10.1086/409052
- Tada, S., A. Yamamoto and J. Nishigaki. 1991. Flight muscle dimorphism of female adults in the yellowish elongate chafer, Heptophylla picea Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 26: 515-521
- Tada, S., S. Tsutsurni, M. Hatsukade, K. Honrna, K. Fujisaki and F. Nakasuji. 1993. Sexual difference in flight abilities and flight muscle dimorphism in female adults of a chafer, Anomala schonfeldti Ohaus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 28: 33-338
- Tanaka, S. 1986. De-alation, flight muscle histolysis, and oocyte development in a wing dimorphic cricket, Modicogryllus confirmatus. J Insect Physio. 39: 493-498
- Tanaka, S. 1991. Genetic compatibility and geographic profile of two closely related species of Allonemobius (Gryllidae: Orthoptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 84: 29-36
- Tanaka, S. 1994. Endocrine control of ovarian development and flight muscle histolysis in a wing dimorphic cricket, ModicogrylIus confirmatus. J. Insect Physiol. 40: 483-490 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(94)90121-X
- Tanaka, S. 1996. Physiological characteristics of wing dimorphism in insects : Trade-offs between reproduction and migration. Plant Protect. 50: 265-268 (In Japanese).
- Taylor, V.A. 1981. The adaptive and evolutionary significance of wing polymorphism and pathenogenesis in Ptinella motschulsky (Colleoptera: ptillidae). Ecol. Entomol. 6: 89-98 (Cited from Roff,1986) https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1981.tb00975.x
- Tojo, S. 1991. Variation in phase polymorphism in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Appl, Entomol. Zool. 26: 571-578
- Uvarov, B.P. 1921. A revision of the genus Locusta L. (PachytyIus Fieb.) with a new theory as to the periodicity and migration of locusts. Bull. Ent. Res. 12: 135-163 (Cited from Fujisaki,1994) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300044989
- Yamada, S. 1991. Dual wing form determination mechanism in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 26: 590-592
- Young, E.C. 1965. Flight muscle polymorphism in British Corixidae and description of the morphs. J. Zool. 146: 567-576 (Cited from Fujisaki, 1994)
- Zera A.J. and M.A. Rankin. 1989. Wing dimorphism in Gryllus rubens: genetic basis of morph determination and fertility differences between morphs. Oecologia 80: 249-255
- Zera, A.J. and S. Mole. 1994. The physiological costs of flight capability in wing-dimorphic cricket. Res. Popul. Ecol. 36: 151-159 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02514930
- Zera, A.J., S. Mole, and K. Rokke. 1994. Lipid carbohydrate and nitrogen content of long-and short-winged Gryllus firmus: Implications for the physiological cost of flight capability. J. Insect Physiol. 40: 1037-1044 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(94)90056-6