Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP (대한전자공학회논문지SP)

The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers (대한전자공학회)
권호 표지

An Adaptive Watermarking Scheme for Three-Dimensional Mesh Models

3차원 메쉬 모델의 적응형 워터마킹 방법

  • 전정희 (광주과학기술원 정보통신공학과) ;
  • 호요성 (광주과학기술원 정보통신공학과)
  • Published : 2003.11.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

For copyright protection of digital contents, we employ watermarking techniques to embed watermark signals into digital host data. In this paper we propose an adaptive watermarking algorithm for three-dimensional (3-D) mesh models. Watermark signals are inserted into vertex coordinates adaptively according to changes of their position values. While we embed strong watermarks in the areas of large variations, watermarks are weakly inserted in other areas. After we generate triangle strips by traversing the 3-D model and convert the Cartesian coordinates to the spherical coordinate system, we calculate variations of vertex positions along the traversed strips. Then, we insert watermark signals into the vertex coordinates adaptively according to the calculated variations. We demonstrate that imperceptibility of the inserted watermark is significantly improved and show the bit error rate (BER) for robustness.

디지털 워터마킹 기술은 디지털 콘텐츠의 불법 복제를 방지하기 위해 디지털 데이터에 사람이 감지할 수 없는 정보를 은닉한다. 본 논문에서는 3차원 메쉬 모델(mesh model)에 대한 적응형 워터마킹 방법을 제안한다 본 논문에서 제안한 방법에서는 서로 이웃하는 꼭지점 좌표들 사이의 공간적 상관성에 따라 워터마크를 삽입하며, 이는 사람의 눈에 잘 감지되지 않는 지역에 워터마크를 강하게 삽입하고 그렇지 않은 지역에는 약하게 삽입하는 적응형 워터마킹 기술이다., 우선, 3차원 메쉬 모델을 운행(traversing)하여 삼각형 스트립(triangle strip)을 생성하고, 모든 꼭지점 좌표를 구 좌표계(spherical coordinate system)로 변환시킨다. 그리고, 3차원 모델의 지역적 외관을 결정하는 꼭지점 좌표 값들의 변화량을 계산한 후, 워터마크 신호를 계산한 변화량의 크기에 따라 유연하게 꼭지점 좌표 값에 삽입시킨다. 본 논문에서 제안한 워터마크 방법이 워터마크 신호의 비지각성(imperceptibility)을 크게 개선시킬 수 있음을 실험을 통해 검증했으며, 제안한 방법의 강인성 (robustness)에 대한 BER (bit error rate) 결과를 제시하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. E. Praun, H. Hoppe, and A. Finkelstein, 'Robust Mesh Watermarking,' Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp. 45-56, Aug. 1999 https://doi.org/10.1145/311535.311540
  2. J. M. Lounsbery, 'Multiresolution Analysis for Surfaces of Arbitrary Topological Type,' Ph.D Thesis, University of Washington, 1994
  3. G. Taubin, 'A Signal Processing Approach to Fair Surface Design,' Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp. 351-358, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1145/218380.218473
  4. I. Goskov, W. Sweldensy, and P. Schroder, 'Multiresolution Signal Processing for Meshes,' Proceedings of SIGGRAPH, pp. 325-334, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1145/311535.311577
  5. I. J. Cox, M L. Miller, and J. A. Bloom, 'Digital Watermarking,' Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2002
  6. S. Katzenbeisser and F. A. P. Petitcolas, 'Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking,' Artech House, 2000
  7. R. Ohbuchi, H. Masuda, and M. Aono, 'Watermarking Three-Dimensional Polygon Models,' Proceedings of ACM Multimedia, pp. 261-272, Nov. 1997 https://doi.org/10.1145/266180.266377
  8. R. Ohbuchi, S. Takahashi, T. Miyazawa, and A. Mukaiyama, 'Watermarking 3D Polygonal Meshes in the Mesh Spectral Domain,' Proceedings of Graphics Interface, pp. 9-17, 2001
  9. Computer Graphics Forum v.21 no.3 A Frequency-Domain Approach to Watermarking 3-D Shapes R.Ohbuchi;A.Mukaiyama;S.Takahashi https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.t01-1-00597
  10. R. Ohbuchi, A. Mukaiyama and S. Takahashi, 'A Frequency-Domain Approach to Watermarking 3-D Shapes,' Computer Graphics Forum 21(3), pp. 373-382, Sept. 2002 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8659.t01-1-00597
  11. O. Benedens, 'Geometry-Based Watermarking of 3D Models,' IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, pp. 46-55, Jan. 1999 https://doi.org/10.1109/38.736468
  12. S. Kanai, H. Date, and T. Kishinami, 'Digital Watermarking for 3-D Polygons Using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition,' Proceedings sixth IFIP WG 5.2 GEO-6, pp. 296-306, Dec. 1998
  13. M. Yeung and B. Yeo, 'Fragile Watermarking of Three-Dimensional Objects,'· Proceedings of ICIP, Vol. 2, pp. 442-446, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.1998.723416
  14. K. Yin, Z. Pan, J. Shi, and D. Zhang, 'Robust Mesh Watermarking Based on Multiresolution Processing,' Computer and Graphics Vol. 25, pp. 409-420, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0097-8493(01)00065-6
  15. 전정희, 호요성, 'DCT 영역에서 3차원 다각형 메쉬 모델의 디지털 워터마킹 방법' 전자공학회 논문지, 제40권, CI편 제3호, pp. 30-37, 2003년 5월
  16. I. J. Cox, J. Kilian, F. T. Leighton, and T. Shamoon, 'Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia,' IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 6, No. 12, pp, 1673-1687, Dec. 1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/83.650120
  17. N. Aspen, D. Santa-Cruz, and T. Ebrahimi, 'MESH: Measuring Errors between Surfaces using the Hausdroff Distance,' Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference in Multimedia and Expo (ICME 2002), Vol. 1, pp. 705-708, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICME.2002.1035879
  18. ISO/IEC 14496-2, Coding of Audio-Visual Objects: Visual (MPEG-4 Video), Committee Draft, 1997
  19. J. H. Jeon, S. K. Lee, and Y .S. Ho, 'A DCT-Domain Watermarking Algorithm for Three-Dimensional Triangle Meshes,' International Workshop on Digital Workshop (IWDW 2003), Vol 1, pp. 529-538, Oct. 22, 2003